Since the end of the Cold War, the number of armed conflicts in the world has fallen. But is this trend now about to be reversed? Climate change, poverty and inequality, and the wider availability of weapons all add to the risk of conflicts increasing. In 1949, the Geneva Conventions enshrined people’s rights to be protected from atrocities in conflict. Yet civilians are still killed, raped, and forced to flee their homes, 60 years on. In 2005, almost every government in the world agreed its Responsibility to Protect civilians. Many have failed to keep this promise. Governments must now make new efforts to take up the challenge in a rapidly changing ‘multipolar’ world, where China and the USA will be the ‘superpowers’, and where India, the European Union, Brazil, and others are gaining new global influence. Many people feel that there is little that can be done to prevent the brutal targeting of civilians that characterises modern warfare. They are wrong. This report, based on Oxfam International’s experience in most of the world’s conflicts, sets out an ambitious agenda to protect civilians through combining local, national, and regional action with far more consistent international support.

• Summary
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Real and future danger
• 3 Building on success
• 4 Standing between people and protection
• 5 In place of failure
• 6 Conclusion: choosing the future
• Notes
• Index

Ed Cairns
Edmund Cairns is Research Coordinator of Oxfam International's humanitarian campaign.