The Technological Transformation of Rural India
Using case studies from India this book presents a conceptual model of commercialization of rural technologies in developing countries. It concludes that India has not placed enough emphasis on ensuring the efficiency of small-scale production units.
Published: 1994
Pages: 256
eBook: 9781780446196
Paperback: 9781853391996
| Preface viii | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| List of abbreviations x | |||
| list of tables xii | |||
| List of figures xiii | |||
| Notes on the contributors xiv | |||
| INTRODUCTION A.S. BHALLA and AMULYA K.N. REDDY 1 | |||
| Technological transformation 2 | |||
| The Indian rural economy 5 | |||
| Some salient features of case studies 10 | |||
| Scope of the volume 16 | |||
| PART ONE: CONCEPTS, ISSUES AND POLICIES | |||
| 1. The commercialization of improved technologies in | |||
| rural areas | |||
| K.N. KRISHNASWAMY and AMULYA K.N. REDDY 23 | |||
| Interactions between technology and society in mixed | |||
| market/non-market economies 24 | |||
| Classification of rural technologies from the viewpoint | |||
| of commercialization 28 | |||
| A model of commercialization of rural technology 30 | |||
| Barriers to commercialization 35 | |||
| Concluding remarks 42 | |||
| 2. Effective design and diffusion of rural technologies | |||
| ASHOK KHOSLA 44 | |||
| Traditional technology 45 | |||
| Frontier technology 46 | |||
| Appropriate technology 48 | |||
| Sources of innovation 50 | |||
| Adapting technologies 51 | |||
| Organizational initiatives for innovation 57 | |||
| Conclusion 62 | |||
| Appendix: The technology package 62 | |||
| 3. Policies for rural industries and rural technologies | |||
| DEVENDRA B. GUPTA 64 | |||
| Rural industrialization 64 | |||
| An assessment of government programmes and policies 70 | |||
| Programmes 71 | |||
| Policies 76 | |||
| Rural industry and technology policy 83 | |||
| Conclusion 85 | |||
| 4. Institutional aspects of the diffusion of renewable | |||
| energy technologies | |||
| R. BHATIA 87 | |||
| The diffusion of renewable energy technologies: an analytical | |||
| framework 88 | |||
| Renewable energy programmes in India 91 | |||
| Organizations involved in energy questions 96 | |||
| The role of institutions in technology diffusion 100 | |||
| Institutional innovations for improved implementation 106 | |||
| Conclusion 110 | |||
| PART TWO: CASE STUDIES | |||
| 5. Experiences of the Khadi and Village Industries | |||
| Commission in technology transfer | |||
| YASHWANT A. PANDITRAO 113 | |||
| Origin of the KVIC and fields of activity 114 | |||
| The role of KVIC in research and development and technology | |||
| transfer 116 | |||
| Lessons from the KVIC experience 130 | |||
| 6. The role of non-governmental organizations in the | |||
| diffusion of rural technologies | |||
| DEVENDRA KUMAR 133 | |||
| Sources of technology for NGOs 133 | |||
| How NGOs select rural technologies for diffusion 135 | |||
| Experience of NGOs engaged in rural technology dissemination 136 | |||
| The role of training 141 | |||
| Conclusion 142 | |||
| 7. The diffusion of biogas systems | |||
| R. BHATIA, R. LICHTMAN, A. PEREIRA and W. TENTSCHER 145 | |||
| Technical and economic status of biogas systems 145 | |||
| India's National Project on Biogas Development (NPBD) 148 | |||
| Rethinking the NPBD's diffusion policy 159 | |||
| Conclusions 161 | |||
| 8. The Pura community biogas plant (Karnataka) | |||
| K.N. KRISHNASWAMY and AMULYA K.N. REDDY 164 | |||
| The experience at Pura 165 | |||
| Individual versus collective initiatives 169 | |||
| Conclusion 172 | |||
| 9. The ASTRA stove (Karnataka) | |||
| K.N. KRISHNASWAMY and AMULYA K.N. REDDY 174 | |||
| The origin of the ASTRA stove 174 | |||
| The ASTRA stove technology 175 | |||
| The idea generation phase 178 | |||
| The research, development and design phase 181 | |||
| The dissemination phase 181 | |||
| An evaluation of the large-scale diffusion programme 186 | |||
| Implications of the ASTRA stove experiment for technology | |||
| generation and dissemination 188 | |||
| 10. Mini grain mills | |||
| K.N. KRISHNASWAMY and AMULYA K.N. REDDY 190 | |||
| The limitations of Western technology 190 | |||
| Alternative technology 192 | |||
| Design criteria and cost considerations 193 | |||
| The dissemination of mini grain mills 196 | |||
| Conclusion 200 | |||
| 11. The small-scale farm machinery industry in Uttar | |||
| Pradesh | |||
| S.C. MISHRA 201 | |||
| The industrial economy of Uttar Pradesh 201 | |||
| The farm machinery survey 203 | |||
| Technological change in the Uttar Pradesh farm machinery | |||
| industry 214 | |||
| Marketing agricultural machinery 217 | |||
| Conclusions and policy implications 219 | |||
| Notes and references 222 | |||
| Selective bibliography 231 | |||
| Index 235 |
A. Reddy
Amulya Reddy is President of the International Energy Initiative, and a member of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, Global Environment Facility, World Bank, Washington, DC. Formerly he was Chairman of the Department of Management Studies, and Professor at the Centre for the Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA) at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
A S Bhalla
A S Bhalla is Chief of the Employment Strategies Branch, International Labour Office, Geneva. Previously he was Chief, Technology and Employment Branch, ILO; Hallsworth Professorial Fellow in Economics at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom; visiting Research Associate at the Economic Growth Center, Yale University; Research Officer at the Institute of Economics and Statistics, Oxford University; and University Tutorial Fellow at the University of Delhi.
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