Small-scale Soapmaking

Peter Donkor

doi:10.3362/9781780443416

Small-scale Soapmaking

A handbook

Provides instructions on small-scale soap production methods. A practical introduction, with many illustrations, based on the author's experiences in Ghana.

Published: 1986
Pages: 88

eBook: 9781780443416

Paperback: 9780946688371


9781780443416.000	1
9781780443416.001	13
Chapter 1: Introduction	13
1.1: Brief History of Soapmaking	13
1.1.1: The Development of Soapmaking in Europe	13
1.1.2: The Development of Soapmaking in Ghana	14
1.1.3: Large-scale Soap Production in Ghana	15
1.1.4: The Role of Research Institutions in Ghana	15
1.2: Definition and Properties	16
1.3: Hydrolysis of Soap	16
1.4: Detergent Action	17
Chapter 2: Raw Materials for Soapmaking	18
2.1: Fats and Oils	18
2.1.1: Classification of Fats and Oils	18
2.1.2: Brief Chemistry of Fats and Oils	19
2.1.3: Common Oils Used in Ghana for Soapmaking	22
2.2: Alkalis	25
2.2.1: Caustic Soda	25
2.2.2: Description of Process for Local Production	26
2.2.3: Caustic Potash	29
2.2.4: Description of Process for Local Production	30
2.3: Other Raw Materials	31
Chapter 3: The Choice of Suitable Oils and Fats for Soapmaking	33
3.1: Saponification Value	33
3.2: Iodine Number	35
3.3: INS Factor	35
3.3.1: Practical Application of INS Factor	36
3.4: Lathering and Solubility Properties of Soap	38
Chapter 4: Plant and Equipment for Soapmaking	39
4:1: Equipment and Plant for Laundry Soap making	39
4.1.1: Soap Boiling Tanks	39
4.1.2: Caustic Soda Storage Tanks	41
4.1.3: Soap Moulding Boxes	41
4.1.4: Soap Cutting Tables	41
4.1.5: Soap Stamping Machines	43
4:2: Equipment and Plant for Toilet Soapmaking	43
4.2.1: Mixing Machines	43
4.2.2: Milling Machines	44
4.2.3: Plodders	45
4:3: Other Equipment and Tools	46
Chapter 5: Pre-Treatment of Fats and Oils for Soapmaking	48
5:1: Refining of Oils and Fats	48
5.1.1: Alkali Refining	48
5.1.2: Another Clarification Method	49
5.1.3: Bleaching of Oils and Fats	50
Chapter 6: The Process of Soapmaking	52
6:1: Semi-boiling Process	52
6.1.1: Processing Method	52
6:2: Full-Boiling Process	54
6.2.1: Saponification Process	55
6.2.2: Graining Out	56
6.2.3: Clear Boiling and Fitting	57
6.3: Treatment of Settled Soaps	57
6.3.1: Liquoring	58
6.3.2: Filling	58
6.3.3: Framing	59
6.3.4: Drying and Stamping	59
6:4: Cold Process	61
Chapter 7: Small-Scale Production of Toilet Soap	64
7:1: Cold Process	64
7.2: Milled Toilet Soapmaking	65
7.2.1: Drying of Soap Base	65
7.2.2: Mixing of Perfume and Dye	65
7.2.3: Milling	66
7.2.4: Compressing	66
7.2.5: Cutting and Stamping	66
7.3: Remelted Soaps	66
Chapter 8: Non-Edible Oils for Soapmaking	67
8.1: Neem Oil	67
8.1.1: Soapmaking Properties	69
8.2: Castor Oil	70
8.2.1: Soapmaking Properties	71
8.3: Physic Oil	71
8.3.1: Soapmaking Properties	71
8:4: Process of Soapmaking	73
Chapter 9: Ghana Standards Specifications for Soaps	75
9:1: Filled Hard Soap Specifications	75
9:2: Genuine Hard Soap Specifications	76
9:3: Filled Carbolic Soap Specifications	76
9:4: Toilet Soap Specifications	76
9:5: Medicated Soap Specifications	77
9:6: Packaging and Marking of Soaps	77
Appendix 1: Some Typical Formulations for Soaps	79
Appendix 2: Properties of Soaps from Different Oils/Fats	82