A technical handbook to assist small-scale producers with alternative production techniques - to help them choose and apply those techniques which are most appropriate to local socio-economic conditions.

CHAPTER I. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE PAPER
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES; THE CASE FOR MINI
PAPER MILLS 1
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND TRADE 3
III. DEFINITION OF SMALL SCALE IN PAPER MANUFACTURE 4
IV. SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE
PAPER-MAKING TECHNOLOGIES 5
V. GUIDELINES FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION 15
CHAPTER II. CHARACTERISTICS OF PAPER PRODUCTS 17
I. PRODUCT RANGE 17
II. PAPER AND BOARD GRADES 20
III. WRAPPING AND PACKAGING GRADES 22
IV. TESTING OF PAPER AND BOARD . 26
CHAPTER III. RAW MATERIALS AND ADDITIVES 29
I. FIBRE SOURCES 29
II. CHEMICALS 34
CHAPTER IV. PULP PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 37
I. CHEMICAL PULP PRODUCTION 37
II. CHEMI-MECHANICAL PULPING 52
III. SEMI-MECHANICAL PULPING 55
IV. CHEMICAL RECOVERY 55
V. EFFLUENT DISPOSAL 62
VI. STOCK PREPARATION 63
V I I . STOCK CONTROL 83
CHAPTER V. THE PAPER MACHINE 87
I . PAPER PRODUCTION 87
I I . THE BOARD MACHINE 102
CHAPTER V I . METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ESTIMATING
UNIT PRODUCTION COSTS 109
I . THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 109
I I . APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 112
I I I . COST DATA FOR INDIAN MILLS 120
APPENDICES
I ; LIST OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS 127
II : EUROPEAN LIST OF THE STANDARD QUALITIES OF WASTE PAPER 139
I I I : BIBLIOGRAPHY 143
IV : SELECTED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS 145
V ; GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 147