Rural Lighting

Jean-Paul Louineau

doi:10.3362/9781780445823

Rural Lighting

A guide for development workers

Nearly one third of humanity still live in semi-darkness after sunset, no better off than in earlier centuries, mainly because they are beyond the reach of mains electricity. The traditional forms of lighting such as candles, oil lamps, kerosene pressure lamps, butane lamps tend to be inefficient and inadequate for many applications.
Recent technical developments in electrical lighting have led to exciting new possibilities such as highefficiency compact fluorescent lamps. Such lamps can increase the economic use of solar photovoltaic power systems or small wind-powered systems. These, and other new lighting technologies are becoming available and more affordable, but it can be difficult to know which types and sizes are most appropriate for different purposes.
To meet these needs, Rural Lighting provides information to assist development workers and project managers working in rural or semi-urban development, health, farming, small business sectors to decide:
• What level of light is necessary to meet the needs.
• Which type of lighting sources would be most suitable.
• How to provide small amounts of power for lighting
• How to implement cost-effective lighting systems
Rural Lighting also includes an illustrated Buyers Guide' section providing up-to-date information on lighting systems and products available and listing addresses of manufacturers in many countries around the world.

Published: 1994
Pages: 192

eBook: 9781780445823

Paperback: 9781853392009


FOREWORD v
PREFACE vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii
Notice xii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Lighting 1
1.2 About this Book 1
2 LIGHT AND LIGHTING 3
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Visible Radiation and Light 3
2.3 Sources of Light 4
2.4 Light and Energy 5
2.5 Photometric Quantities 7
2.6 Colour and Colorimetry 10
2.7 Flicker, Stroboscopic Effects and Glare 11
2.8 Illuminance for Different Purposes 12
2.9 Measurements in Lighting 15
2.10 Energy Efficiency: Towards Electrical Lighting 16
2.11 Units Used in Lighting Designs 17
3 FLAME-BASED LIGHTING 18
3.1 Background 18
3.2 Carbon Incandescent Light Sources 19
3.3 Rare-earth Incandescent Lamps 25
3.4 Comparative Performance of Flamebased
Lamps 30
4 ELECTRICAL LIGHTING 33
4.1 Background and History 33
4.2 Incandescent Filament Lamps 33
4.3 Low-pressure Gaseous Discharge Lamps 37
RURAL LIGHTING
4.4 High-pressure Discharge Lamps 46
4.5 Recent Developments: Induction Lighting 50
4.6 Comparison of Electric Lamps 51
5 ENHANCING LIGHTING SOURCES 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Classes of Lighting 55
5.3 Luminaires 56
5.4 Room Surfaces 60
5.5 Daylight Contribution Enhancement
and Assessment 61
6 ENERGY FOR FLAME-EASED LIGHTING 63
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Natural Oils and Waxes 63
6.3 Kerosene 64
6.4 LPG Bottled Gas (Butane/Propane) 64
6.5 Alcohols 65
6.6 Natural Gas 65
6.7 Biogas 66
6.8 Calcium Carbide 67
6.9 Characteristics of Various Fuels 68
7 ELECTRICAL STORAGE: BATTERIES 69
7.1 Introduction 69
7.2 Primary Cells (Dry Batteries) 70
7.3 Secondary Cells (Rechargeable Cells
and Batteries) 75
7.4 Battery-based Systems 85
8 ELECTRICITY GENERATION 90
8.1 Introduction 90
8.2 Grid Extension 90
8.3 Small Generating Sets 92
8.4 Solar Photovoltaic Systems 95
8.5 Wind Electricity Generators 101
9 SELECTION AND DESIGN OF LIGHTING
SYSTEMS 105
9.1 Introduction 105
9.2 Selection Criteria 106
9.3 Design/Sizing 107
CONTENTS
9.4 Balance-of-System Components 114
9.5 Overall Assessment of the Design 116
9.6 System Management 116
9.7 Maintenance 117
9.8 Examples of Electrical Lighting Solutions 118
10 LIGHTING ECONOMICS 119
10.1 Introduction 119
10.2 Payback Period 120
10.3 Life-Cycle Costing Methodology 122
10.4 Examples and Case Studies 126
10.5 Financing Lighting Systems 131
10.6 Quick-reference Lamp Costs 136
ABBREVIATIONS 139
GLOSSARY 140
BIBLIOGRAPHY 146
APPENDIX A: Manufacturers and suppliers of
lighting systems 148
APPENDIX B: Buyers' guide to products 159
APPENDIX C: Calculation of the daylight factor 172
APPENDIX D: Calculation of the utilization factor 175
APPENDIX E: Discount factors for life-cycle
cost analysis 177
APPENDIX F: Non-SI and SI units useful
for lighting calculations 179