Modern Coconut Management
Palm cultivation and products
Modern Coconut Management is aimed at guiding those who work with small-scale farmers and farmer groups through the complex area of coconut management. It will also be of value to the many processors and others whose livelihoods depend on coconuts. The emphasis is on the need for training and education of coconut smallholders in how to become good managers, using appropriate techiniques and materials. The book combines the wealth of information that exists in this area with new research in diseases and pests and breeding techniques to improve crop performance. The book also deals with coconut-based farming systems in which many aspects of the combination of coconuts with other crops and/or animals are discussed. Equally important are the processing techniques which are vital to the survival of the coconut industry. A section of the book is devoted to post-harvest treatment, processing and research where the many new developments in the processing of coconut products are discussed. Fully illustrated, including 80 colour illustrations.
Published: 1999
Pages: 474
eBook: 9781780445502
Paperback: 9781853394676
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS | |||
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | |||
| PREFACE | |||
| FOREWORD | |||
| INTRODUCTION | |||
| PART I - THE COCONUT PALM AND ITS ENVIRONMENT | |||
| 1. Historical Background by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Origin and Distribution | |||
| World Production | |||
| 2. The Coconut Palm by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Botany,Morphology,Growth, Development and Yielding Capacity | |||
| 3. Climate and Soils by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Climate | |||
| Soils | |||
| 4. Disorders by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Mineral Nutrient Deficiencies | |||
| Mineral Toxicities | |||
| Drought Effects | |||
| Stem Tapering | |||
| Lightning Damage | |||
| Premature Button and Nut Shedding | |||
| 5. Diseases by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Diseases caused by Nematodes | |||
| Diseases caused by Fungi | |||
| Diseases caused by Bacteria | |||
| Diseases caused by Flagellates | |||
| Diseases caused by Viruses or Viroids | |||
| Diseases caused by Mycoplasma-like Organisms | |||
| Diseases of Unknown Etiology | |||
| 6. Vertebrate Pests by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Rodents | |||
| The Insect Pests of Coconut by D. Mariau | |||
| Introduction | |||
| Orthoptera | |||
| Phasmida | |||
| Isoptera | |||
| Heteroptera | |||
| Homoptera | |||
| Fulgoroidea | |||
| Lepidoptera | |||
| Coleoptera | |||
| Acarina | |||
| Conclusion | |||
| PART 11- PLANTING MATERIAL AND PLANTATION MANAGEMENT | |||
| 8. Selection and Breeding by R. Bourdeix | |||
| Introduction | |||
| Genetic Diversification | |||
| Genetic Improvement Methods | |||
| Conclusion | |||
| ANNEXE I: International Cultivar List | |||
| ANNEXE 11: Measures of Stems, Leaves and Inflorescences of the | |||
| Ecotypes at the Marc Delorme Station Collection | |||
| 9. Cultural Practices by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Plantation Lay-out | |||
| Clearing | |||
| The Nursery | |||
| Planting | |||
| Weeding | |||
| Cover Crops | |||
| Moisture Conservation | |||
| Irrigation | |||
| Fertilizing | |||
| Harvesting | |||
| Toddy and Sugar Production | |||
| Bart I11 - COCONUT-BASED FARMING SYSTEMS | |||
| 10. General Aspects by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Mixed Cropping | |||
| Intercropping | |||
| 11. The Smallholder and Coconut-based Farming Systems by S.G. Reynolds | |||
| Economics of the Smallholder Coconut Operation | |||
| 12. Coconut-based Farming Systems in the Pacific by F. Opio | |||
| Introduction | |||
| Morphological Characteristics of Coconut | |||
| Land-use Intensification | |||
| Economic Aspects | |||
| Coconut Husbandry | |||
| Coconut-based Farming Systems with Animals | |||
| Coconut-based Farming Systems with Perennials | |||
| Coconut-based Multi-storey Cropping System | |||
| Relay cropping Systems | |||
| Coconut and Livestock Systems | |||
| Socio-Economic Aspects of Coconut-based Farming Systems | |||
| Conclusions | |||
| 13. Coconut-based Cropping Systems in India and Sri Lanka by P.K. Das | |||
| Introduction | |||
| Root and Tuber Crops | |||
| Grain Crops | |||
| Grain Legumes | |||
| Annual Oilseeds | |||
| Vegetables | |||
| Fruits | |||
| Tree Spices | |||
| High-density Multi-species Cropping System | |||
| Conclusion | |||
| 14. Pastures and Livestock under Coconut by S.G. Reynolds | |||
| Introduction | |||
| Systems | |||
| General Factors | |||
| Pasture Species | |||
| Pasture Establishment and Improvement | |||
| Pasture Management | |||
| Animal Production from Pastures under Coconut | |||
| Forage Production Seasonality and Supplementary Feed Sources | |||
| Effects of Pasture on Coconut Yields | |||
| The Economics of Livestock under Coconuts | |||
| PART IV - POST-HARVEST TREATMENT, PROCESSING, RESEARCH AND | |||
| DEVELOPMENT | |||
| 15. Post-harvest Treatment by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Nut Storage | |||
| Dehusking | |||
| Nut Transportation | |||
| 16. Coconut Processing by T.K.G. Ranasinghe | |||
| Introduction | |||
| World Copra Production | |||
| World Coconut Oil Trade | |||
| Coconut Preparation . . | |||
| Copra Manufacture and Storage | |||
| Coconut Oil | |||
| Desiccated Coconut . | |||
| Coconut Milk or Cream . . | |||
| Instant Coconut Milk Powder | |||
| Coconut Sap and Products | |||
| Minor Food Products from Coconut | |||
| Coconut Husk and Coir Products ' | |||
| Coconut Shells and Products | |||
| Coconut Wood | |||
| Energy and Minor Uses of Coconut Palm | |||
| 17. Research and Development by J.G. Ohler | |||
| Research | |||
| Development | |||
| APPENDIX I: | |||
| Institutions and experimental stations involved with coconut research and | |||
| development; International organizations; and National institutes and research | |||
| stations | |||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | |||
| INDEX |
J.G. Ohler J.G. Ohler, Agriculturist, specialized in coconuts and cashew nuts, former Senior Agricultural Officer, Royal Tropical Institue, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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