Growth determinants of manufacturing micro- and small enterprises in Ethiopia: an empirical study of Tigray Province
This paper examines the growth determinants of manufacturing micro- and small enterprises operating in Tigray Province, Ethiopia. The study draws on the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model and firm growth equation. Data was collected from a sample of 339 firm owners using a structured questionnaire. The study finds a positive and significant relationship between firm growth and policy related factors such as, access to credit, working spaces, and marketing premises as well as human capital factors including entrepreneur’s education, business skills, and training. The finding supports the research hypotheses, which posit that these factors have a direct linkage with firm growth. Conversely, findings reveal that firm growth and firm age are initially inversely related but that this negative relationship stays only for some time since as age increases, firms start to grow and the relationship becomes positive towards the end. Next, the t-test shows that the mean annual growth rate of men-owned firms (7.58 per cent) is higher than that of women-owned firms (3.75 per cent), indicating evidence of a gender gap in the growth capability of male and female entrepreneurs. Descriptive statistics also reveal that overall women business operators have lower education, skills, and training relative to men operators. This equality gap calls for useful initiatives that resolve gender inequalities and thereby enhance expanded opportunities for women’s empowerment in the region.Abagissa, J. (2013) ‘Challenges confronting women in micro and small enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Journal of Business and Economics 3(1): 96–139.
Abay, H.H., Tessema, F.G. and Gebreegziabher, A.H. (2014) ‘External factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia: a case study in Shire Indasselassie Town, Tigray’, European Journal of Business and Management 6(34): 134–45.
Abera, A. (2012) Factors Affecting the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises in Arada and Lideta Sub-Cities, Addis Ababa [online], MBA thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University http://etd.aau.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/2443/3/Admasu%20Abera%20thesis.pdf [accessed 20 September 2016].
Ageba, G. and Amha, W. (2007) ‘Micro and small enterprises (MSE) development in Ethiopia: strategy, regulatory changes and remaining constraints’, Ethiopian Journal of Economics X(2): 1–32.
Almus, M. and Nerlinger, E. (2000) ‘Testing Gibrat’s law for young firms: empirical results for West Germany’, Small Business Economics 15: 1–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026512005921>.
Assefa, B., Zerfu, A. and Tekle, B. (2014) Identifying Key Success Factors and Constraints of Ethiopia’s MSE Development: An Exploratory Research, Research Report 18, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).
Aynadis, Z. and Mohammednur, M. (2014) ‘Determinants of growth of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, a case of MSEs in Mekelle City, Tigray’, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2(6): 149–57.
Bigsten, A. and Gebreeyesus, M. (2007) ‘The small, the young, and the productive: determinants of manufacturing firm growth in Ethiopia’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 55(4): 813–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516767>.
Bowen, M., Morara, M. and Mureithi, S. (2009) ‘Management of business challenges among small and micro enterprises in Nairobi-Kenya’, KCA Journal of Business Management 2(1): 16–31.
Chittithaworn, C., Islam, A., Keawchana, T. and Muhd Yusuf, D.H. (2011) ‘Factors affecting business success of small & medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand’, Asian Social Science 7(5): 180–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n5p180>.
Coad, A. and Tamvada, J.P. (2012) ‘Firm growth and barriers to growth among small firms in India’, Small Business Economics 39: 383–400 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9318-7>.
Davidson, P. (1991) ‘Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth’, Journal of Business Venturing 6: 405–29.
Davidson, P.B., Kirchhoff, A., Hatemi, J. and Gustavsson, H. (2002) ‘Empirical analysis of business growth factors using Swedish data’, Journal of Small Business Management 40: 332–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00061>.
Downing, J. and Daniels, L. (1992) The Growth and Dynamics of Women Entrepreneurs in Southern Africa, Gemini Technical Report No. 47, Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
Dunne, T. and Hughes, A. (1994) ‘Age, size, growth and survival: UK companies in the 1980s’, Journal of Industrial Economics 42: 115–40.
Evans, D.S. (1987) ‘Test of alternative theories of firm growth’, Journal of Political Economics 95(4): 657–74.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Trade and Industry (1997) Micro and Small Enterprises Development Strategy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Field, A. (2005) Discovering Statistics using SPSS, 2nd edn, London: Sage Publications.
Gebreeyesus, M. (2007) Growth of Micro-Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia [pdf], Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) <www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2007-EDiA-LaWBiDC/papers/275-Gebreeyesus.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
Gezahegn, A., Zewdie, S. and Amentie, C. (2015) ‘Factors determining the success of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, the case of Arbaminch Town’, Social and Basic Sciences Research Review 3(2): 69–76.
Glancey, K. (1998) ‘Determinants of growth and profitability in small entrepreneurial firms’, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 4: 18–27.
Goedhuys, M. and Sleuwaegen, L. (2000) ‘Entrepreneurship and growth of entrepreneurial firms in Côte d’Ivoire’, The Journal of Development Studies 36(3): 123–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380008422631>.
Goedhuys, M. and Sleuwaegen, L. (2009) High Growth Entrepreneurial Firms in Africa: A Quantile Regression Approach, Research Paper No. 2009/11, Helsinki, Finland: UNU-WIDER.
Hundera, M.B. (2014) ‘Micro and small scale enterprises (MSEs) development services in women’s entrepreneurial start-ups in Ethiopia: a study conducted in three cities: Dire Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga’, Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport 2(4): 77–88 <http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jbe-2-4-1>.
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2007) ‘Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises’, presented at the International Labor Conference of the International Labor Office, Geneva.
ILO (2008) Factors affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya: A Primary Research Report [pdf], Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILO Regional Office for Africa <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_ent/@ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_107507.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
International Monetary Fund (2014) ‘Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation on the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’ [pdf], IMF Country Report No. 14/303 <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14303.pdf> [accessed 23 September 2016].
Kahsu, S. (2015) ‘An analysis of micro and small enterprise (MSE) profile: a case of MSE units in Mekelle’, Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research 4(4): 342–50.
Kristiansen, S., Furuholt, B. and Wahid, F. (2003) ‘Internet cafe entrepreneurs: pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia’, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4(4): 251–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003129574315>.
Lale, H., Ramashrishanan, and Negash, E. (2014) ‘The effect of firm’s growth on the income of their employees: a case study of medium and large scale manufacturing enterprise in Kolfe Keranio Subcity, Addis Ababa’, International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 3(5): 217–37.
Liedholm, C. (2002) ‘Small firm dynamics: evidence from Africa and Latin America’, Small Business Economics 18: 227–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015147826035>.
Liedholm, C. and Mead, D.C. (1995) The Dynamic Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in the Development Process, GEMINI Action Research Program I: Final Report, Brief No. 24, Bethesda, MD.
Mbugua, J.K., Mbugua, S.N., Wangoi, M., Ogada, J.O. and Kariuki, J.N. (2013) ‘Factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises: a case of tailoring and dressmaking enterprises in Eldoret’, International Journal of Business and Social Science 4(5): 285–93.
Mead, D.C. and Liedholm, C. (1998) ‘The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries’, World Development 26(1): 61–74.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) (2010) Growth and Transformation Plan, 2010/11-2014/15, Volume I, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: MoFED.
Molla, A. (2013) ‘The determinants of micro and small enterprise growth: evidence from Ethiopia’, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3(2): 1–19.
Saeed, A. (2009) ‘Formality of financial sources and firm growth: empirical evidence from Brazilian SMEs 1999–2005’, Journal of Academic Research in Economics 1(2): 131–44.
Tefera, H., Gebremichael, A. and Abera, N. (2013) ‘Growth determinants of micro and small enterprises: evidence from northern Ethiopia’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4(9): 127–34.
UNDP (2014) Ethiopia: Quarterly Economic Brief. Third Quarter, 2014 [pdf] <www.et.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Economic%20Brief-%20Third%20Quarter-2014.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
Welter, F. (2001) ‘Who wants to grow? Growth intentions and growth profiles of nascent entrepreneurs in Germany’, in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp. 91–147, Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
Wijewardena, H. and Tibbits, G.E. (1999) ‘Factors contributing to the growth of small manufacturing firms: data from Australia’, Journal of Small Business Management 37(2): 88–95.
Abagissa, J. (2013) ‘Challenges confronting women in micro and small enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Journal of Business and Economics 3(1): 96–139.
Abay, H.H., Tessema, F.G. and Gebreegziabher, A.H. (2014) ‘External factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia: a case study in Shire Indasselassie Town, Tigray’, European Journal of Business and Management 6(34): 134–45.
Abera, A. (2012) Factors Affecting the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises in Arada and Lideta Sub-Cities, Addis Ababa [online], MBA thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University http://etd.aau.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/2443/3/Admasu%20Abera%20thesis.pdf [accessed 20 September 2016].
Ageba, G. and Amha, W. (2007) ‘Micro and small enterprises (MSE) development in Ethiopia: strategy, regulatory changes and remaining constraints’, Ethiopian Journal of Economics X(2): 1–32.
Almus, M. and Nerlinger, E. (2000) ‘Testing Gibrat’s law for young firms: empirical results for West Germany’, Small Business Economics 15: 1–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026512005921>.
Assefa, B., Zerfu, A. and Tekle, B. (2014) Identifying Key Success Factors and Constraints of Ethiopia’s MSE Development: An Exploratory Research, Research Report 18, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).
Aynadis, Z. and Mohammednur, M. (2014) ‘Determinants of growth of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, a case of MSEs in Mekelle City, Tigray’, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2(6): 149–57.
Bigsten, A. and Gebreeyesus, M. (2007) ‘The small, the young, and the productive: determinants of manufacturing firm growth in Ethiopia’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 55(4): 813–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516767>.
Bowen, M., Morara, M. and Mureithi, S. (2009) ‘Management of business challenges among small and micro enterprises in Nairobi-Kenya’, KCA Journal of Business Management 2(1): 16–31.
Chittithaworn, C., Islam, A., Keawchana, T. and Muhd Yusuf, D.H. (2011) ‘Factors affecting business success of small & medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand’, Asian Social Science 7(5): 180–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n5p180>.
Coad, A. and Tamvada, J.P. (2012) ‘Firm growth and barriers to growth among small firms in India’, Small Business Economics 39: 383–400 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9318-7>.
Davidson, P. (1991) ‘Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth’, Journal of Business Venturing 6: 405–29.
Davidson, P.B., Kirchhoff, A., Hatemi, J. and Gustavsson, H. (2002) ‘Empirical analysis of business growth factors using Swedish data’, Journal of Small Business Management 40: 332–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00061>.
Downing, J. and Daniels, L. (1992) The Growth and Dynamics of Women Entrepreneurs in Southern Africa, Gemini Technical Report No. 47, Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
Dunne, T. and Hughes, A. (1994) ‘Age, size, growth and survival: UK companies in the 1980s’, Journal of Industrial Economics 42: 115–40.
Evans, D.S. (1987) ‘Test of alternative theories of firm growth’, Journal of Political Economics 95(4): 657–74.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Trade and Industry (1997) Micro and Small Enterprises Development Strategy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Field, A. (2005) Discovering Statistics using SPSS, 2nd edn, London: Sage Publications.
Gebreeyesus, M. (2007) Growth of Micro-Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia [pdf], Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) <www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2007-EDiA-LaWBiDC/papers/275-Gebreeyesus.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
Gezahegn, A., Zewdie, S. and Amentie, C. (2015) ‘Factors determining the success of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, the case of Arbaminch Town’, Social and Basic Sciences Research Review 3(2): 69–76.
Glancey, K. (1998) ‘Determinants of growth and profitability in small entrepreneurial firms’, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 4: 18–27.
Goedhuys, M. and Sleuwaegen, L. (2000) ‘Entrepreneurship and growth of entrepreneurial firms in Côte d’Ivoire’, The Journal of Development Studies 36(3): 123–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380008422631>.
Goedhuys, M. and Sleuwaegen, L. (2009) High Growth Entrepreneurial Firms in Africa: A Quantile Regression Approach, Research Paper No. 2009/11, Helsinki, Finland: UNU-WIDER.
Hundera, M.B. (2014) ‘Micro and small scale enterprises (MSEs) development services in women’s entrepreneurial start-ups in Ethiopia: a study conducted in three cities: Dire Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga’, Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport 2(4): 77–88 <http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jbe-2-4-1>.
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2007) ‘Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises’, presented at the International Labor Conference of the International Labor Office, Geneva.
ILO (2008) Factors affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya: A Primary Research Report [pdf], Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILO Regional Office for Africa <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_ent/@ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_107507.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
International Monetary Fund (2014) ‘Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation on the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’ [pdf], IMF Country Report No. 14/303 <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14303.pdf> [accessed 23 September 2016].
Kahsu, S. (2015) ‘An analysis of micro and small enterprise (MSE) profile: a case of MSE units in Mekelle’, Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research 4(4): 342–50.
Kristiansen, S., Furuholt, B. and Wahid, F. (2003) ‘Internet cafe entrepreneurs: pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia’, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4(4): 251–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003129574315>.
Lale, H., Ramashrishanan, and Negash, E. (2014) ‘The effect of firm’s growth on the income of their employees: a case study of medium and large scale manufacturing enterprise in Kolfe Keranio Subcity, Addis Ababa’, International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 3(5): 217–37.
Liedholm, C. (2002) ‘Small firm dynamics: evidence from Africa and Latin America’, Small Business Economics 18: 227–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015147826035>.
Liedholm, C. and Mead, D.C. (1995) The Dynamic Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in the Development Process, GEMINI Action Research Program I: Final Report, Brief No. 24, Bethesda, MD.
Mbugua, J.K., Mbugua, S.N., Wangoi, M., Ogada, J.O. and Kariuki, J.N. (2013) ‘Factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises: a case of tailoring and dressmaking enterprises in Eldoret’, International Journal of Business and Social Science 4(5): 285–93.
Mead, D.C. and Liedholm, C. (1998) ‘The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries’, World Development 26(1): 61–74.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) (2010) Growth and Transformation Plan, 2010/11-2014/15, Volume I, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: MoFED.
Molla, A. (2013) ‘The determinants of micro and small enterprise growth: evidence from Ethiopia’, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3(2): 1–19.
Saeed, A. (2009) ‘Formality of financial sources and firm growth: empirical evidence from Brazilian SMEs 1999–2005’, Journal of Academic Research in Economics 1(2): 131–44.
Tefera, H., Gebremichael, A. and Abera, N. (2013) ‘Growth determinants of micro and small enterprises: evidence from northern Ethiopia’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4(9): 127–34.
UNDP (2014) Ethiopia: Quarterly Economic Brief. Third Quarter, 2014 [pdf] <www.et.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Economic%20Brief-%20Third%20Quarter-2014.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
Welter, F. (2001) ‘Who wants to grow? Growth intentions and growth profiles of nascent entrepreneurs in Germany’, in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp. 91–147, Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
Wijewardena, H. and Tibbits, G.E. (1999) ‘Factors contributing to the growth of small manufacturing firms: data from Australia’, Journal of Small Business Management 37(2): 88–95.
Abagissa, J. (2013) ‘Challenges confronting women in micro and small enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Journal of Business and Economics 3(1): 96–139.
Abay, H.H., Tessema, F.G. and Gebreegziabher, A.H. (2014) ‘External factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia: a case study in Shire Indasselassie Town, Tigray’, European Journal of Business and Management 6(34): 134–45.
Abera, A. (2012) Factors Affecting the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises in Arada and Lideta Sub-Cities, Addis Ababa [online], MBA thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University http://etd.aau.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/2443/3/Admasu%20Abera%20thesis.pdf [accessed 20 September 2016].
Ageba, G. and Amha, W. (2007) ‘Micro and small enterprises (MSE) development in Ethiopia: strategy, regulatory changes and remaining constraints’, Ethiopian Journal of Economics X(2): 1–32.
Almus, M. and Nerlinger, E. (2000) ‘Testing Gibrat’s law for young firms: empirical results for West Germany’, Small Business Economics 15: 1–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026512005921>.
Assefa, B., Zerfu, A. and Tekle, B. (2014) Identifying Key Success Factors and Constraints of Ethiopia’s MSE Development: An Exploratory Research, Research Report 18, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).
Aynadis, Z. and Mohammednur, M. (2014) ‘Determinants of growth of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, a case of MSEs in Mekelle City, Tigray’, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2(6): 149–57.
Bigsten, A. and Gebreeyesus, M. (2007) ‘The small, the young, and the productive: determinants of manufacturing firm growth in Ethiopia’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 55(4): 813–40 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516767>.
Bowen, M., Morara, M. and Mureithi, S. (2009) ‘Management of business challenges among small and micro enterprises in Nairobi-Kenya’, KCA Journal of Business Management 2(1): 16–31.
Chittithaworn, C., Islam, A., Keawchana, T. and Muhd Yusuf, D.H. (2011) ‘Factors affecting business success of small & medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand’, Asian Social Science 7(5): 180–90 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n5p180>.
Coad, A. and Tamvada, J.P. (2012) ‘Firm growth and barriers to growth among small firms in India’, Small Business Economics 39: 383–400 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9318-7>.
Davidson, P. (1991) ‘Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth’, Journal of Business Venturing 6: 405–29.
Davidson, P.B., Kirchhoff, A., Hatemi, J. and Gustavsson, H. (2002) ‘Empirical analysis of business growth factors using Swedish data’, Journal of Small Business Management 40: 332–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00061>.
Downing, J. and Daniels, L. (1992) The Growth and Dynamics of Women Entrepreneurs in Southern Africa, Gemini Technical Report No. 47, Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
Dunne, T. and Hughes, A. (1994) ‘Age, size, growth and survival: UK companies in the 1980s’, Journal of Industrial Economics 42: 115–40.
Evans, D.S. (1987) ‘Test of alternative theories of firm growth’, Journal of Political Economics 95(4): 657–74.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Trade and Industry (1997) Micro and Small Enterprises Development Strategy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Field, A. (2005) Discovering Statistics using SPSS, 2nd edn, London: Sage Publications.
Gebreeyesus, M. (2007) Growth of Micro-Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia [pdf], Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) <www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2007-EDiA-LaWBiDC/papers/275-Gebreeyesus.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
Gezahegn, A., Zewdie, S. and Amentie, C. (2015) ‘Factors determining the success of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, the case of Arbaminch Town’, Social and Basic Sciences Research Review 3(2): 69–76.
Glancey, K. (1998) ‘Determinants of growth and profitability in small entrepreneurial firms’, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 4: 18–27.
Goedhuys, M. and Sleuwaegen, L. (2000) ‘Entrepreneurship and growth of entrepreneurial firms in Côte d’Ivoire’, The Journal of Development Studies 36(3): 123–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380008422631>.
Goedhuys, M. and Sleuwaegen, L. (2009) High Growth Entrepreneurial Firms in Africa: A Quantile Regression Approach, Research Paper No. 2009/11, Helsinki, Finland: UNU-WIDER.
Hundera, M.B. (2014) ‘Micro and small scale enterprises (MSEs) development services in women’s entrepreneurial start-ups in Ethiopia: a study conducted in three cities: Dire Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga’, Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport 2(4): 77–88 <http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jbe-2-4-1>.
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2007) ‘Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises’, presented at the International Labor Conference of the International Labor Office, Geneva.
ILO (2008) Factors affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya: A Primary Research Report [pdf], Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILO Regional Office for Africa <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_ent/@ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_107507.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
International Monetary Fund (2014) ‘Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation on the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’ [pdf], IMF Country Report No. 14/303 <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14303.pdf> [accessed 23 September 2016].
Kahsu, S. (2015) ‘An analysis of micro and small enterprise (MSE) profile: a case of MSE units in Mekelle’, Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research 4(4): 342–50.
Kristiansen, S., Furuholt, B. and Wahid, F. (2003) ‘Internet cafe entrepreneurs: pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia’, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4(4): 251–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003129574315>.
Lale, H., Ramashrishanan, and Negash, E. (2014) ‘The effect of firm’s growth on the income of their employees: a case study of medium and large scale manufacturing enterprise in Kolfe Keranio Subcity, Addis Ababa’, International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 3(5): 217–37.
Liedholm, C. (2002) ‘Small firm dynamics: evidence from Africa and Latin America’, Small Business Economics 18: 227–42 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015147826035>.
Liedholm, C. and Mead, D.C. (1995) The Dynamic Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in the Development Process, GEMINI Action Research Program I: Final Report, Brief No. 24, Bethesda, MD.
Mbugua, J.K., Mbugua, S.N., Wangoi, M., Ogada, J.O. and Kariuki, J.N. (2013) ‘Factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises: a case of tailoring and dressmaking enterprises in Eldoret’, International Journal of Business and Social Science 4(5): 285–93.
Mead, D.C. and Liedholm, C. (1998) ‘The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries’, World Development 26(1): 61–74.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) (2010) Growth and Transformation Plan, 2010/11-2014/15, Volume I, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: MoFED.
Molla, A. (2013) ‘The determinants of micro and small enterprise growth: evidence from Ethiopia’, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3(2): 1–19.
Saeed, A. (2009) ‘Formality of financial sources and firm growth: empirical evidence from Brazilian SMEs 1999–2005’, Journal of Academic Research in Economics 1(2): 131–44.
Tefera, H., Gebremichael, A. and Abera, N. (2013) ‘Growth determinants of micro and small enterprises: evidence from northern Ethiopia’, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4(9): 127–34.
UNDP (2014) Ethiopia: Quarterly Economic Brief. Third Quarter, 2014 [pdf] <www.et.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Economic%20Brief-%20Third%20Quarter-2014.pdf> [accessed 20 September 2016].
Welter, F. (2001) ‘Who wants to grow? Growth intentions and growth profiles of nascent entrepreneurs in Germany’, in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp. 91–147, Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
Wijewardena, H. and Tibbits, G.E. (1999) ‘Factors contributing to the growth of small manufacturing firms: data from Australia’, Journal of Small Business Management 37(2): 88–95.
Abagissa, J. (2013) ‘Challenges confronting women in micro and small enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Ethiopian Journal of Business and Economics 3(1): 96–139.
Abay, H.H., Tessema, F.G. and Gebreegziabher, A.H. (2014) ‘External factors affecting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia: a case study in Shire Indasselassie Town, Tigray’, European Journal of Business and Management 6(34): 134–45.
Abera, A. (2012) Factors Affecting the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises in Arada and Lideta Sub-Cities, Addis Ababa [online], MBA thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University http://etd.aau.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/2443/3/Admasu%20Abera%20thesis.pdf [accessed 20 September 2016].
Ageba, G. and Amha, W. (2007) ‘Micro and small enterprises (MSE) development in Ethiopia: strategy, regulatory changes and remaining constraints’, Ethiopian Journal of Economics X(2): 1–32.
Almus, M. and Nerlinger, E. (2000) ‘Testing Gibrat’s law for young firms: empirical results for West Germany’, Small Business Economics 15: 1–12 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026512005921>.
Assefa, B., Zerfu, A. and Tekle, B. (2014) Identifying Key Success Factors and Constraints of Ethiopia’s MSE Development: An Exploratory Research, Research Report 18, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).
Aynadis, Z. and Mohammednur, M. (2014) ‘Determinants of growth of micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia, a case of MSEs in Mekelle City, Tigray’, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2(6): 149–57.
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