Rojiroti is a small organization delivering microfinance to the poorest women in Bihar. This article explores Rojiroti’s panel data which shows a decline in domestic violence among its members, acknowledging that this result contradicts much of the existing literature on this topic. Detailed analysis of relevant literature and extensive fieldwork involving qualitative interviews with 16 Rojiroti Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in July 2015 inform the outcomes of this inquiry. While evidence from other microfinance organizations is less positive, there are indications that the specific approach to microfinance initiatives by Rojiroti in this context is successful in reducing rates of domestic violence.

Ackerson, L.K., Ichiro, K., Barbeau, E. and Subramanian, S.V. (2008) ‘Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: A population-based study of women in India’, American Journal of Public Health 98(3): 507–15 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113738>.

Ahmed, F.E. (2003) Low-income Progressive Men: Microcredit, Gender Empowerment and the Redefinition of Manhood in Rural Bangladesh, Ann Arbor, MI: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management.

Ahmed-Ghosh, H. (2004) ‘Chattels of society: domestic violence in India’, Violence Against Women 10: 94–118 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801203256019>.

Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M. and Holland, J. (2006) Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation [pdf], Washington, DC: World Bank <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/Empowerment_in_Practice.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2015].

Armendariz de Aghion, B. and Roome, B.N. (2008) ‘Empowering women via microfinance in fragile states’, Working paper 08/001, Brussels: Centre Emile Bernheim.

Armin, R., Becker, S. and Bayes, A. (1998) ‘NGO-promoted microcredit programmes and women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh: quantitative and qualitative evidence’, The Journal of Developing Areas 32(2): 221–36.

Arora, R.U. (2012) ‘Gender inequality, economic development and globalisation: a state level analysis of India’, The Journal of Developing Areas 46(1): 147–64.

Ashe, J. and Parrott, L. (2002) ‘PACT’s Women’s empowerment program in Nepal: A savings- and literacy-led alternative to financial building’, Journal of Microfinance 4(2): 137–62.

Bali Swain, R. (2007) ‘Can microfinance empower women? Self-help groups in India’, ADA Dialogue 37: 61–82.

Banerjee, N. (1985) Women Workers in the Unorganised Sector in Calcutta, Hyderabad: Sangam Books.

Barnett, O.W. and Hamberger, L.K. (1992) ‘The assessment of maritally violent men on the California Psychological Inventory’, Violence and Victims 7: 15–28.

Basargekar, P. (2010) ‘Measuring effectiveness of social capital in microfinance: a case study of urban microfinance programme in India’, International Journal of Social Inquiry 3(2): 25–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802181269>.

Beneria, L. and Roldan, M. (1987) The Crossroads of Class and Gender: Industrial Homework, Subcontracting and Household Dynamics in Mexico City, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Berreman, G.D. (1972) Race, Caste and Other Invidious Distinctions in Social Stratification, California: University of California Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1986) ‘The forms of capital’, in J. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwoord, pp. 241–58.

Bourdieu, P. (1989) ‘Symbolic capital’ in N. Richard (trans.), Outline of a Theory of Practice, pp. 171–83, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chakraborty, R. and Jayamani, C.V. (2013) ‘Impact of micro finance on women empowerment in Chittagong’, Journal of Economic and Finance 2(1): 28–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-0212834>.

Cheston, S. and Kuhn, I. (2002) ‘Empowering women through microfinance’, in S. Daley-Harris (ed.), Pathways out of Poverty: Innovations in Microfinance for the Poorest Families, pp. 167–228, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.

Cornwall, A. and Edwards, J. (2010) ‘Introduction: negotiating empowerment’, IDS Bulletin 41(2): 1–9.

Denscombe, M. (2014) The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects, Berkshire: Open University Press.

Dowla, A. (2006) ‘In credit we trust: Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh’, The Journal of Socio-Economics 35: 102–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.12.006>.

Fernando, J. (2006) ‘Introduction: Microcredit and empowerment of women: Blurring the boundary between development and capitalism’, in J. Fernando (ed.), Microfinance: Perils and Prospects, pp. 1–42, New York: Routledge.

Geleta, E.B. (2014) ‘Microfinance and the politics of empowerment: a critical cultural perspective’, JAAS 49(4): 413–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909613487679>.

Gibson, C., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L., Duncan, G. and England, P. (2002) ‘Does employment lead to decreased domestic abuse?’ Presented at the Association of Public Policy and Management Annual meetings, November 2002.

Gillham, B. (2005) Research Interviewing, Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Goetz, A.M. and Sen Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.

Hadi, A. (2000) ‘Prevalence and correlates of the risk of marital sexual violence in Bangladesh’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15: 787–805 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626000015008001>.

Hashemi, S., Schuler, S.R. and Riley, A.P. (1996) ‘Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(4): 635–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A>.

Hesse-Biber, S.N. and Leavy, P. (2011) The Practice of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications.

Hopf, C. (1982) ‘Norm and interpretation’, Zeitschrift for Soziologie 11(1): 309–27.

ILO (2007) Small Change, Big Changes: Women and Microfinance [pdf], Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, Geneva: ILO <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@gender/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_091581.pdf> [7 July 2015].

International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International (2008) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: Bihar [pdf], Mumbai: IIPS <www.rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-3%20Data/Bihar_report.pdf> [accessed 3 November 2014].

Ito, S. (2003) ‘Microfinance and social capital: does social capital help create good practice?’ Development in Practice 13(4): 322–32 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961452032000112383>.

Jain, P.S. (1996) ‘Managing credit for the rural poor: lessons from the Grameen Bank’, World Development 24(1): 79–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)80206-3>.

Kabeer, N. (1997) ‘Women, wages and intra-household power relations in urban Bangladesh’, Development and Change 28: 261–302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00043>.

Kabeer, N. (1998) ‘Money can’t buy me love?’ Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh, Institute of Development Studies, Discussion Papers, No. 363, Brighton: University of Sussex.

Kabeer, N. (1999) The Conditions and Consequences of Choice: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment, UNRISD Discussion Paper, No. 108, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kabeer, N. (2001) ‘Conflicts over credit: re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh’, World Development 29(1): 63–84 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00081-4>.

Kabeer, N. (2005) ‘Is microfinance a “magic bullet” for women’s empowerment? Analysis of findings from South Asia’ [pdf], Economic and Political Weekly, 29 October 2005 <www.lse.ac.uk/genderInstitute/about/resourcesNailaKabeer/kabeerNoMagicBullets.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2015].

Kanak, S. and Iiguni, Y. (2007) ‘Microfinance programs and social capital formation: the present scenario in a rural village of Bangladesh’, The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance 2: 97–104 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijaef.2007.97.104>.

Kay, T. (2003) Empowering Women through Self-Help Micro-Credit Programmes, Gender and Development Section, Emerging Social Issues Division: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).

Kelkar, G. (2005) ‘Development effectiveness through gender mainstreaming: gender equality and poverty reduction in South Asia’, Economic and Political Weekly 40: 44–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4417355>.

Kimuna, S.R., Djamba, Y.K., Ciciurkaite, G. and Cherukuri, S. (2013) ‘Domestic violence in India: insights from the 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28(4): 77 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455867>.

Krishna, A. (2003) Social Capital, Community Driven Development and Empowerment: A Short Note on Concepts and Operations, Working Paper No. 33077, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Krishnaraj, M. and Kay, T. (2002) ‘Report of review of IFAD gender mainstreaming projects in Asia’ [online], unpublished paper <www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/pi/paper/13.pdf> [13 July 2015].

Kulshrestha, P., Sharma, R.K. and Dogra, T.D. (2002) ‘The study of sociological and demographical variables of unnatural deaths among young women in South Delhi within seven years of marriage’, Hindu 103: 88-03.

Kvale, S. and Brinkmann, S. (2009) InterViews, London: Sage.

Leach, F. and Sitaram, S. (2010) ‘Microfinance and women’s empowerment: a lesson from India’, Development in Practice 12(5): 575–88.

Ledsema, J. (2002) ‘Empowerment impact report on TSPI’s Kabuhayan Program’, Draft, April 2002.

Lim, L.Y.C. (1983) ‘Capitalism, imperialism and patriarchy: the dilemma of third-world women workers in multinational factories’, in J. Nash and M.P. Fernandez-Kelly (eds), Women, Men and the International Division of Labour, pp. 70–91, New York: New York University Press.

Mathur, K. (2004) Countering Gender Violence. Initiatives towards Collective Action in Rajasthan, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Mayoux, L. (1997) ‘The Magic Ingredient? Microfinance and Women’s Empowerment’, Briefing Paper prepared for the Micro Credit Summit, Washington, DC.

Mayoux, L. (1998) ‘Participatory learning for women’s empowerment in micro-finance programmes: negotiating complexity, conflict and change’, IDS Bulletin 29(4): 39–50.

Mayoux, L. (2001) ‘Tackling the down side: social capital, women’s empowerment and microfinance in Cameroon’, Development and Change 32(3): 435–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00212>.

Mayoux, L. and Hartl, M. (2009) Gender and Rural Microfinance: Reaching and Empowering Women – A Guide for Practitioners, IFAD Report, Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.

Morduch, J. (1999) ‘The microfinance promise’, Journal of Economic Literature 37: 1569–614 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.4.1569>.

Moser, C.O.N. (1989) ‘Gender planning in the third world: meeting practical and strategic gender needs’, World Development 17(11): 1799–825 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90201-5>.

Murshid, N.S., Akincigil, A. and Zippay, A. (2015) ‘Microfinance participation and domestic violence in Bangladesh: results from a nationally representative survey’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31: 1–18 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515569065>.

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Ackerson, L.K., Ichiro, K., Barbeau, E. and Subramanian, S.V. (2008) ‘Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: A population-based study of women in India’, American Journal of Public Health 98(3): 507–15 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113738>.

Ahmed, F.E. (2003) Low-income Progressive Men: Microcredit, Gender Empowerment and the Redefinition of Manhood in Rural Bangladesh, Ann Arbor, MI: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management.

Ahmed-Ghosh, H. (2004) ‘Chattels of society: domestic violence in India’, Violence Against Women 10: 94–118 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801203256019>.

Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M. and Holland, J. (2006) Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation [pdf], Washington, DC: World Bank <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/Empowerment_in_Practice.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2015].

Armendariz de Aghion, B. and Roome, B.N. (2008) ‘Empowering women via microfinance in fragile states’, Working paper 08/001, Brussels: Centre Emile Bernheim.

Armin, R., Becker, S. and Bayes, A. (1998) ‘NGO-promoted microcredit programmes and women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh: quantitative and qualitative evidence’, The Journal of Developing Areas 32(2): 221–36.

Arora, R.U. (2012) ‘Gender inequality, economic development and globalisation: a state level analysis of India’, The Journal of Developing Areas 46(1): 147–64.

Ashe, J. and Parrott, L. (2002) ‘PACT’s Women’s empowerment program in Nepal: A savings- and literacy-led alternative to financial building’, Journal of Microfinance 4(2): 137–62.

Bali Swain, R. (2007) ‘Can microfinance empower women? Self-help groups in India’, ADA Dialogue 37: 61–82.

Banerjee, N. (1985) Women Workers in the Unorganised Sector in Calcutta, Hyderabad: Sangam Books.

Barnett, O.W. and Hamberger, L.K. (1992) ‘The assessment of maritally violent men on the California Psychological Inventory’, Violence and Victims 7: 15–28.

Basargekar, P. (2010) ‘Measuring effectiveness of social capital in microfinance: a case study of urban microfinance programme in India’, International Journal of Social Inquiry 3(2): 25–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802181269>.

Beneria, L. and Roldan, M. (1987) The Crossroads of Class and Gender: Industrial Homework, Subcontracting and Household Dynamics in Mexico City, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Berreman, G.D. (1972) Race, Caste and Other Invidious Distinctions in Social Stratification, California: University of California Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1986) ‘The forms of capital’, in J. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwoord, pp. 241–58.

Bourdieu, P. (1989) ‘Symbolic capital’ in N. Richard (trans.), Outline of a Theory of Practice, pp. 171–83, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chakraborty, R. and Jayamani, C.V. (2013) ‘Impact of micro finance on women empowerment in Chittagong’, Journal of Economic and Finance 2(1): 28–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-0212834>.

Cheston, S. and Kuhn, I. (2002) ‘Empowering women through microfinance’, in S. Daley-Harris (ed.), Pathways out of Poverty: Innovations in Microfinance for the Poorest Families, pp. 167–228, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.

Cornwall, A. and Edwards, J. (2010) ‘Introduction: negotiating empowerment’, IDS Bulletin 41(2): 1–9.

Denscombe, M. (2014) The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects, Berkshire: Open University Press.

Dowla, A. (2006) ‘In credit we trust: Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh’, The Journal of Socio-Economics 35: 102–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.12.006>.

Fernando, J. (2006) ‘Introduction: Microcredit and empowerment of women: Blurring the boundary between development and capitalism’, in J. Fernando (ed.), Microfinance: Perils and Prospects, pp. 1–42, New York: Routledge.

Geleta, E.B. (2014) ‘Microfinance and the politics of empowerment: a critical cultural perspective’, JAAS 49(4): 413–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909613487679>.

Gibson, C., Magnuson, K., Gennetian, L., Duncan, G. and England, P. (2002) ‘Does employment lead to decreased domestic abuse?’ Presented at the Association of Public Policy and Management Annual meetings, November 2002.

Gillham, B. (2005) Research Interviewing, Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Goetz, A.M. and Sen Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.

Hadi, A. (2000) ‘Prevalence and correlates of the risk of marital sexual violence in Bangladesh’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15: 787–805 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626000015008001>.

Hashemi, S., Schuler, S.R. and Riley, A.P. (1996) ‘Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(4): 635–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A>.

Hesse-Biber, S.N. and Leavy, P. (2011) The Practice of Qualitative Research, London: Sage Publications.

Hopf, C. (1982) ‘Norm and interpretation’, Zeitschrift for Soziologie 11(1): 309–27.

ILO (2007) Small Change, Big Changes: Women and Microfinance [pdf], Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, Geneva: ILO <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@gender/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_091581.pdf> [7 July 2015].

International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International (2008) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: Bihar [pdf], Mumbai: IIPS <www.rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-3%20Data/Bihar_report.pdf> [accessed 3 November 2014].

Ito, S. (2003) ‘Microfinance and social capital: does social capital help create good practice?’ Development in Practice 13(4): 322–32 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961452032000112383>.

Jain, P.S. (1996) ‘Managing credit for the rural poor: lessons from the Grameen Bank’, World Development 24(1): 79–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)80206-3>.

Kabeer, N. (1997) ‘Women, wages and intra-household power relations in urban Bangladesh’, Development and Change 28: 261–302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00043>.

Kabeer, N. (1998) ‘Money can’t buy me love?’ Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh, Institute of Development Studies, Discussion Papers, No. 363, Brighton: University of Sussex.

Kabeer, N. (1999) The Conditions and Consequences of Choice: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment, UNRISD Discussion Paper, No. 108, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kabeer, N. (2001) ‘Conflicts over credit: re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh’, World Development 29(1): 63–84 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00081-4>.

Kabeer, N. (2005) ‘Is microfinance a “magic bullet” for women’s empowerment? Analysis of findings from South Asia’ [pdf], Economic and Political Weekly, 29 October 2005 <www.lse.ac.uk/genderInstitute/about/resourcesNailaKabeer/kabeerNoMagicBullets.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2015].

Kanak, S. and Iiguni, Y. (2007) ‘Microfinance programs and social capital formation: the present scenario in a rural village of Bangladesh’, The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance 2: 97–104 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijaef.2007.97.104>.

Kay, T. (2003) Empowering Women through Self-Help Micro-Credit Programmes, Gender and Development Section, Emerging Social Issues Division: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).

Kelkar, G. (2005) ‘Development effectiveness through gender mainstreaming: gender equality and poverty reduction in South Asia’, Economic and Political Weekly 40: 44–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4417355>.

Kimuna, S.R., Djamba, Y.K., Ciciurkaite, G. and Cherukuri, S. (2013) ‘Domestic violence in India: insights from the 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28(4): 77 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455867>.

Krishna, A. (2003) Social Capital, Community Driven Development and Empowerment: A Short Note on Concepts and Operations, Working Paper No. 33077, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Krishnaraj, M. and Kay, T. (2002) ‘Report of review of IFAD gender mainstreaming projects in Asia’ [online], unpublished paper <www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/pi/paper/13.pdf> [13 July 2015].

Kulshrestha, P., Sharma, R.K. and Dogra, T.D. (2002) ‘The study of sociological and demographical variables of unnatural deaths among young women in South Delhi within seven years of marriage’, Hindu 103: 88-03.

Kvale, S. and Brinkmann, S. (2009) InterViews, London: Sage.

Leach, F. and Sitaram, S. (2010) ‘Microfinance and women’s empowerment: a lesson from India’, Development in Practice 12(5): 575–88.

Ledsema, J. (2002) ‘Empowerment impact report on TSPI’s Kabuhayan Program’, Draft, April 2002.

Lim, L.Y.C. (1983) ‘Capitalism, imperialism and patriarchy: the dilemma of third-world women workers in multinational factories’, in J. Nash and M.P. Fernandez-Kelly (eds), Women, Men and the International Division of Labour, pp. 70–91, New York: New York University Press.

Mathur, K. (2004) Countering Gender Violence. Initiatives towards Collective Action in Rajasthan, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Mayoux, L. (1997) ‘The Magic Ingredient? Microfinance and Women’s Empowerment’, Briefing Paper prepared for the Micro Credit Summit, Washington, DC.

Mayoux, L. (1998) ‘Participatory learning for women’s empowerment in micro-finance programmes: negotiating complexity, conflict and change’, IDS Bulletin 29(4): 39–50.

Mayoux, L. (2001) ‘Tackling the down side: social capital, women’s empowerment and microfinance in Cameroon’, Development and Change 32(3): 435–50 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00212>.

Mayoux, L. and Hartl, M. (2009) Gender and Rural Microfinance: Reaching and Empowering Women – A Guide for Practitioners, IFAD Report, Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.

Morduch, J. (1999) ‘The microfinance promise’, Journal of Economic Literature 37: 1569–614 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.4.1569>.

Moser, C.O.N. (1989) ‘Gender planning in the third world: meeting practical and strategic gender needs’, World Development 17(11): 1799–825 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90201-5>.

Murshid, N.S., Akincigil, A. and Zippay, A. (2015) ‘Microfinance participation and domestic violence in Bangladesh: results from a nationally representative survey’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31: 1–18 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515569065>.

National Crime Records Bureau (2013) Crime Against Women [online], New Delhi: National Crime Records Bureau <http://ncrb.gov.in> [accessed 21 July 2015].

Ngo, T.M.P. and Wahhaj, Z. (2009) Microfinance and Gender Empowerment [pdf], London: SOAS <http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8175/1/gender_and_microfinance_paper_dec_2009f.pdf> [accessed 17 December 2014].

Omvedt, G. (1990) Violence Against Women: New Movements and New Theories in India, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

Pahl, J. (1985) Private Violence and Public Policy: The Needs of Battered Women and the Response of the Public Service, London: Routledge.

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Ashe, J. and Parrott, L. (2002) ‘PACT’s Women’s empowerment program in Nepal: A savings- and literacy-led alternative to financial building’, Journal of Microfinance 4(2): 137–62.

Bali Swain, R. (2007) ‘Can microfinance empower women? Self-help groups in India’, ADA Dialogue 37: 61–82.

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Basargekar, P. (2010) ‘Measuring effectiveness of social capital in microfinance: a case study of urban microfinance programme in India’, International Journal of Social Inquiry 3(2): 25–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802181269>.

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Berreman, G.D. (1972) Race, Caste and Other Invidious Distinctions in Social Stratification, California: University of California Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1986) ‘The forms of capital’, in J. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwoord, pp. 241–58.

Bourdieu, P. (1989) ‘Symbolic capital’ in N. Richard (trans.), Outline of a Theory of Practice, pp. 171–83, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chakraborty, R. and Jayamani, C.V. (2013) ‘Impact of micro finance on women empowerment in Chittagong’, Journal of Economic and Finance 2(1): 28–30 <http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-0212834>.

Cheston, S. and Kuhn, I. (2002) ‘Empowering women through microfinance’, in S. Daley-Harris (ed.), Pathways out of Poverty: Innovations in Microfinance for the Poorest Families, pp. 167–228, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.

Cornwall, A. and Edwards, J. (2010) ‘Introduction: negotiating empowerment’, IDS Bulletin 41(2): 1–9.

Denscombe, M. (2014) The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects, Berkshire: Open University Press.

Dowla, A. (2006) ‘In credit we trust: Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh’, The Journal of Socio-Economics 35: 102–22 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.12.006>.

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Geleta, E.B. (2014) ‘Microfinance and the politics of empowerment: a critical cultural perspective’, JAAS 49(4): 413–25 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909613487679>.

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Goetz, A.M. and Sen Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.

Hadi, A. (2000) ‘Prevalence and correlates of the risk of marital sexual violence in Bangladesh’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15: 787–805 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626000015008001>.

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Hopf, C. (1982) ‘Norm and interpretation’, Zeitschrift for Soziologie 11(1): 309–27.

ILO (2007) Small Change, Big Changes: Women and Microfinance [pdf], Microcredit Summit Campaign Report, Geneva: ILO <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@gender/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_091581.pdf> [7 July 2015].

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Jain, P.S. (1996) ‘Managing credit for the rural poor: lessons from the Grameen Bank’, World Development 24(1): 79–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)80206-3>.

Kabeer, N. (1997) ‘Women, wages and intra-household power relations in urban Bangladesh’, Development and Change 28: 261–302 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00043>.

Kabeer, N. (1998) ‘Money can’t buy me love?’ Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh, Institute of Development Studies, Discussion Papers, No. 363, Brighton: University of Sussex.

Kabeer, N. (1999) The Conditions and Consequences of Choice: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment, UNRISD Discussion Paper, No. 108, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Kabeer, N. (2001) ‘Conflicts over credit: re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh’, World Development 29(1): 63–84 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00081-4>.

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