The uptake of mobile financial services in the Middle East and North Africa region
Recent research shows that business models based on prepaid electronic payments systems and agent networks can help address the problem of lack of access to financial services observed in the vast majority of developing countries. In this 2012 study we reviewed the development of mobile financial services (MFS) in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Israel, West Bank and Gaza, Jordan, and Lebanon, as a way to solve the supply-related problems that explain the low access to finance rates these countries suffer. We concluded that adapting the regulatory framework is the most important challenge for the uptake of MFS initiatives. We also concluded that MFS business models can extend access to finance to the unbanked by reducing transaction costs through the use of prepaid platforms, agent networks, alternative risk management policies, optimization of remittances, and new or reformed retail payments architectures. Finally, we also observed that MFS initiatives could greatly favour the development of the microfinance sector.Beck, T., Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Martínez, P. and Soledad, M. (2005) Reaching Out: Access and Use of Banking Services across Countries, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Carbó, S., Valverde, H.D. and Lopez del Paso, R. (2004) Electronic Payments and ATMs: Changing Technology and Cost Efficiency in Banking, Madrid: FUNCAS.
King, R. and Levine, R. (1993) ‘Finance and growth. Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 717-37.
Schumpeter, J.A. [1911] (1982) Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Eine Untersuchung ueber Unternehmergewinn, Kaptial, Kredit, Zins und den Konjunkturzyklus [The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle], Cambridge: Transaction.
World Bank (2010) ‘World Development Indicators’ [online] http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
World Bank (2012) ‘Financial inclusion data: Middle East & North Africa’ [online] <http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa≯. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa
World Bank (2013) ‘Remittance prices worldwide’ [online] <http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/≯. http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/
International Monetary Fund, ‘Financial access survey’: <http://fas.imf.org≯ http://fas.imf.org
World Bank Open Data: <http://data.worldbank.org/≯ http://data.worldbank.org/
Beck, T., Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Martínez, P. and Soledad, M. (2005) Reaching Out: Access and Use of Banking Services across Countries, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Carbó, S., Valverde, H.D. and Lopez del Paso, R. (2004) Electronic Payments and ATMs: Changing Technology and Cost Efficiency in Banking, Madrid: FUNCAS.
King, R. and Levine, R. (1993) ‘Finance and growth. Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 717-37.
Schumpeter, J.A. [1911] (1982) Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Eine Untersuchung ueber Unternehmergewinn, Kaptial, Kredit, Zins und den Konjunkturzyklus [The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle], Cambridge: Transaction.
World Bank (2010) ‘World Development Indicators’ [online] http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
World Bank (2012) ‘Financial inclusion data: Middle East & North Africa’ [online] <http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa≯. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa
World Bank (2013) ‘Remittance prices worldwide’ [online] <http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/≯. http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/
International Monetary Fund, ‘Financial access survey’: <http://fas.imf.org≯ http://fas.imf.org
World Bank Open Data: <http://data.worldbank.org/≯ http://data.worldbank.org/
Beck, T., Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Martínez, P. and Soledad, M. (2005) Reaching Out: Access and Use of Banking Services across Countries, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Carbó, S., Valverde, H.D. and Lopez del Paso, R. (2004) Electronic Payments and ATMs: Changing Technology and Cost Efficiency in Banking, Madrid: FUNCAS.
King, R. and Levine, R. (1993) ‘Finance and growth. Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 717-37.
Schumpeter, J.A. [1911] (1982) Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Eine Untersuchung ueber Unternehmergewinn, Kaptial, Kredit, Zins und den Konjunkturzyklus [The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle], Cambridge: Transaction.
World Bank (2010) ‘World Development Indicators’ [online] http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
World Bank (2012) ‘Financial inclusion data: Middle East & North Africa’ [online] <http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa≯. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa
World Bank (2013) ‘Remittance prices worldwide’ [online] <http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/≯. http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/
International Monetary Fund, ‘Financial access survey’: <http://fas.imf.org≯ http://fas.imf.org
World Bank Open Data: <http://data.worldbank.org/≯ http://data.worldbank.org/
Beck, T., Demirgüc-Kunt, A., Martínez, P. and Soledad, M. (2005) Reaching Out: Access and Use of Banking Services across Countries, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Carbó, S., Valverde, H.D. and Lopez del Paso, R. (2004) Electronic Payments and ATMs: Changing Technology and Cost Efficiency in Banking, Madrid: FUNCAS.
King, R. and Levine, R. (1993) ‘Finance and growth. Schumpeter might be right’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 717-37.
Schumpeter, J.A. [1911] (1982) Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Eine Untersuchung ueber Unternehmergewinn, Kaptial, Kredit, Zins und den Konjunkturzyklus [The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle], Cambridge: Transaction.
World Bank (2010) ‘World Development Indicators’ [online] http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
World Bank (2012) ‘Financial inclusion data: Middle East & North Africa’ [online] <http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa≯. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/region/middle-east-and-north-africa
World Bank (2013) ‘Remittance prices worldwide’ [online] <http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/≯. http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/
International Monetary Fund, ‘Financial access survey’: <http://fas.imf.org≯ http://fas.imf.org
World Bank Open Data: <http://data.worldbank.org/≯ http://data.worldbank.org/
Mobile financial services, financial inclusion, and development: A systematic review of academic literature
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Zoo, Hanah
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