Remittances worldwide have increased more than tenfold from US$30 billion in the mid-1990s to over $400 bn in 2009. There are more than 30 million Africans living outside of their home countries, who have contributed almost $300 bn in remittances from 2000 to 2008, and sent over $35 bn in 2009. In some African nations, remittances make up a significant portion of their GDP. Lesotho received close to $450 million in remittances, which is almost 25 per cent of its economy. Money transfers have been, and will continue to be, a major source of capital inflows for these small developing economies, impacting millions of households. This paper analyses and presents evidence of the importance of remittances to small African countries and their resulting multiplier effect on economic growth, smoothing out consumption, supporting microenterprises, and enhancing economic activity while filling the void of small country cross-sectional studies linking remittances to development. It also describes how to best leverage the impact of remittances through innovative financial services and distribution channels, including microfinance institutions.

Adams, R.H. (2006) Remittances and Poverty in Ghana, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3838, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H. and Page, J. (2003) International Migration Remittances and Poverty in Developing Countries, Policy Research Working Paper 3179, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H., Cuecuecha, A. and Page, J. (2008) The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Ghana, Policy Research Working Paper 4732, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ajayi, M.A., Ijaiya, M.A., Ijaiya, G.T., Bello, R.A., Ijaiya, M.A. and Adeyemi, S.L. (2009) ‘International remittances and well-being in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Economics and International Finance 1(3): 078-084.

Anyanwu, J.C. and Erhijakpor, A. (2010) ‘Do international remittances affect poverty in Africa?’ African Development Review 22(11): 51-91. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00228.x≯

Borraz, F. (2005) ‘Assessing the impact of remittances on schooling: the Mexican experience’, Global Economy Journal 5(1), Article 9. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1054≯

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011a) ‘Microfinance, remittances, and small economies’, China-USA Business Review 10(8): 587-599.

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011b) ‘Microfinance and small economies: leveraging remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean’, Journal of Business and Economics 2(5): 362-372.

Castello, S. and Ozawa, T. (1999) Globalization of Small Economies as a Strategic Behavior in International Business, New York: Garland Publishing.

Copestake, J., Golberg, N. and Karlan, D. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development & Microfinance 20(3): 167-176.

Cox Edwards, A. and Ureta, M. (2003) ‘International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador’, Journal of Development Economics 72(2): 429-461.

Cull, R., Demirguc-Kant, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167-192. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167≯

DeSoto, H. (2001) The Hidden Architecture of Capitalism, Lima: Institute of Liberty and Democracy.

Durand, J., Parrado, E.A. and Massey, D.S. (1996) ‘Migradollars and Development: a reconsideration of the Mexican case’, International Migration Review 30(2): 423-444. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547388≯

Fajnzylber, P. and Lopez, H. (2007) Close to Home: The Development Impact of Remittances in Latin America, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Glytsos, N. (2002) ‘The role of migrant remittances in development: evidence from Mediterranean countries’, International Migration 40(1): 5-26. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00183≯

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2009) Sending Money Home to Africa: Remittance Markets, Enabling Environment and Prospects, Rome: IFAD.

Jaramillo, M. (2005) ‘Leveraging the impact of remittances through microfinance products: perspectives from market research,’ in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 133-156, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Leon-Ledesma, M.L. and Pirasha, M. (2001) International Migration and the Role of Remittances in Eastern Europe, Discussion Paper No. 01/13, Canterbury, UK: Department of Economics, University of Kent.

Lucas, R.E.B. (2006) ‘Migration and rural development’, background paper presented at the conference beyond agriculture: The Promise of a Rural Economy for Growth and Poverty, Rome: FAO.

Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) (2011) ‘Microfinance in Africa’ [online], Micro- Banking Bulletin <www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/≯ [accessed June 2011]. www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/

Mochebelele, M.T. and Winter-Nelson, A. (2000) ‘Migrant labour and farm technical efficiency in Lesotho’, World Development 28(1): 143-153. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00116-3≯

Moyo, D. (2009) Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Newland, K. (2007) A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development [online] Migration Information Source, Washington, DC: MPI, <www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580≯ [accessed 15 February 2009]. www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580

Odozia, J.C., Awoyemia, T. and Omonoma, B. (2010) ‘Household poverty and inequality: the implication of migrants' remittances in Nigeria’, Journal of Economic Policy Reform 13(2): 191-199.

Ratha, D. (2007) Leveraging Remittances for Development, Migration Policy Institute Brief, Washington, DC: MPI.

Sorensen, N.N. (2004) The Development Dimension of Migrant Remittances, Migration Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1, Geneva: Department of Migration Policy, Research, and Communications, International Organization for Migration.

Taylor, J.E. (2006) ‘International migration and economic development’, International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Turin, Italy: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat.

Terry, D. and Wilson, S. (2005) Beyond Small Change: Making Remittances Count, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011) The World Factbook, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt≯ [accessed 1 December 2011]. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt

World Bank (2011) Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 [online], Washington, DC: World Bank <http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances≯ [accessed 26 April 2013]. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances

Wouterse, F. (2010) ‘Remittances, poverty, inequality and welfare: evidence from the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso’, Journal of Development Studies 46(4): 771-789. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903019461≯

Zarate-Hoyos, G.A. (2005) ‘The development impact of migrant remittances in Mexico’, in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 159-191, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Adams, R.H. (2006) Remittances and Poverty in Ghana, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3838, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H. and Page, J. (2003) International Migration Remittances and Poverty in Developing Countries, Policy Research Working Paper 3179, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H., Cuecuecha, A. and Page, J. (2008) The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Ghana, Policy Research Working Paper 4732, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ajayi, M.A., Ijaiya, M.A., Ijaiya, G.T., Bello, R.A., Ijaiya, M.A. and Adeyemi, S.L. (2009) ‘International remittances and well-being in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Economics and International Finance 1(3): 078-084.

Anyanwu, J.C. and Erhijakpor, A. (2010) ‘Do international remittances affect poverty in Africa?’ African Development Review 22(11): 51-91. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00228.x≯

Borraz, F. (2005) ‘Assessing the impact of remittances on schooling: the Mexican experience’, Global Economy Journal 5(1), Article 9. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1054≯

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011a) ‘Microfinance, remittances, and small economies’, China-USA Business Review 10(8): 587-599.

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011b) ‘Microfinance and small economies: leveraging remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean’, Journal of Business and Economics 2(5): 362-372.

Castello, S. and Ozawa, T. (1999) Globalization of Small Economies as a Strategic Behavior in International Business, New York: Garland Publishing.

Copestake, J., Golberg, N. and Karlan, D. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development & Microfinance 20(3): 167-176.

Cox Edwards, A. and Ureta, M. (2003) ‘International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador’, Journal of Development Economics 72(2): 429-461.

Cull, R., Demirguc-Kant, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167-192. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167≯

DeSoto, H. (2001) The Hidden Architecture of Capitalism, Lima: Institute of Liberty and Democracy.

Durand, J., Parrado, E.A. and Massey, D.S. (1996) ‘Migradollars and Development: a reconsideration of the Mexican case’, International Migration Review 30(2): 423-444. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547388≯

Fajnzylber, P. and Lopez, H. (2007) Close to Home: The Development Impact of Remittances in Latin America, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Glytsos, N. (2002) ‘The role of migrant remittances in development: evidence from Mediterranean countries’, International Migration 40(1): 5-26. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00183≯

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2009) Sending Money Home to Africa: Remittance Markets, Enabling Environment and Prospects, Rome: IFAD.

Jaramillo, M. (2005) ‘Leveraging the impact of remittances through microfinance products: perspectives from market research,’ in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 133-156, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Leon-Ledesma, M.L. and Pirasha, M. (2001) International Migration and the Role of Remittances in Eastern Europe, Discussion Paper No. 01/13, Canterbury, UK: Department of Economics, University of Kent.

Lucas, R.E.B. (2006) ‘Migration and rural development’, background paper presented at the conference beyond agriculture: The Promise of a Rural Economy for Growth and Poverty, Rome: FAO.

Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) (2011) ‘Microfinance in Africa’ [online], Micro- Banking Bulletin <www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/≯ [accessed June 2011]. www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/

Mochebelele, M.T. and Winter-Nelson, A. (2000) ‘Migrant labour and farm technical efficiency in Lesotho’, World Development 28(1): 143-153. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00116-3≯

Moyo, D. (2009) Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Newland, K. (2007) A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development [online] Migration Information Source, Washington, DC: MPI, <www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580≯ [accessed 15 February 2009]. www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580

Odozia, J.C., Awoyemia, T. and Omonoma, B. (2010) ‘Household poverty and inequality: the implication of migrants' remittances in Nigeria’, Journal of Economic Policy Reform 13(2): 191-199.

Ratha, D. (2007) Leveraging Remittances for Development, Migration Policy Institute Brief, Washington, DC: MPI.

Sorensen, N.N. (2004) The Development Dimension of Migrant Remittances, Migration Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1, Geneva: Department of Migration Policy, Research, and Communications, International Organization for Migration.

Taylor, J.E. (2006) ‘International migration and economic development’, International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Turin, Italy: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat.

Terry, D. and Wilson, S. (2005) Beyond Small Change: Making Remittances Count, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011) The World Factbook, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt≯ [accessed 1 December 2011]. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt

World Bank (2011) Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 [online], Washington, DC: World Bank <http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances≯ [accessed 26 April 2013]. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances

Wouterse, F. (2010) ‘Remittances, poverty, inequality and welfare: evidence from the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso’, Journal of Development Studies 46(4): 771-789. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903019461≯

Zarate-Hoyos, G.A. (2005) ‘The development impact of migrant remittances in Mexico’, in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 159-191, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Adams, R.H. (2006) Remittances and Poverty in Ghana, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3838, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H. and Page, J. (2003) International Migration Remittances and Poverty in Developing Countries, Policy Research Working Paper 3179, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H., Cuecuecha, A. and Page, J. (2008) The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Ghana, Policy Research Working Paper 4732, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ajayi, M.A., Ijaiya, M.A., Ijaiya, G.T., Bello, R.A., Ijaiya, M.A. and Adeyemi, S.L. (2009) ‘International remittances and well-being in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Economics and International Finance 1(3): 078-084.

Anyanwu, J.C. and Erhijakpor, A. (2010) ‘Do international remittances affect poverty in Africa?’ African Development Review 22(11): 51-91. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00228.x≯

Borraz, F. (2005) ‘Assessing the impact of remittances on schooling: the Mexican experience’, Global Economy Journal 5(1), Article 9. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1054≯

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011a) ‘Microfinance, remittances, and small economies’, China-USA Business Review 10(8): 587-599.

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011b) ‘Microfinance and small economies: leveraging remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean’, Journal of Business and Economics 2(5): 362-372.

Castello, S. and Ozawa, T. (1999) Globalization of Small Economies as a Strategic Behavior in International Business, New York: Garland Publishing.

Copestake, J., Golberg, N. and Karlan, D. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development & Microfinance 20(3): 167-176.

Cox Edwards, A. and Ureta, M. (2003) ‘International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador’, Journal of Development Economics 72(2): 429-461.

Cull, R., Demirguc-Kant, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167-192. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167≯

DeSoto, H. (2001) The Hidden Architecture of Capitalism, Lima: Institute of Liberty and Democracy.

Durand, J., Parrado, E.A. and Massey, D.S. (1996) ‘Migradollars and Development: a reconsideration of the Mexican case’, International Migration Review 30(2): 423-444. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547388≯

Fajnzylber, P. and Lopez, H. (2007) Close to Home: The Development Impact of Remittances in Latin America, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Glytsos, N. (2002) ‘The role of migrant remittances in development: evidence from Mediterranean countries’, International Migration 40(1): 5-26. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00183≯

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2009) Sending Money Home to Africa: Remittance Markets, Enabling Environment and Prospects, Rome: IFAD.

Jaramillo, M. (2005) ‘Leveraging the impact of remittances through microfinance products: perspectives from market research,’ in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 133-156, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Leon-Ledesma, M.L. and Pirasha, M. (2001) International Migration and the Role of Remittances in Eastern Europe, Discussion Paper No. 01/13, Canterbury, UK: Department of Economics, University of Kent.

Lucas, R.E.B. (2006) ‘Migration and rural development’, background paper presented at the conference beyond agriculture: The Promise of a Rural Economy for Growth and Poverty, Rome: FAO.

Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) (2011) ‘Microfinance in Africa’ [online], Micro- Banking Bulletin <www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/≯ [accessed June 2011]. www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/

Mochebelele, M.T. and Winter-Nelson, A. (2000) ‘Migrant labour and farm technical efficiency in Lesotho’, World Development 28(1): 143-153. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00116-3≯

Moyo, D. (2009) Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Newland, K. (2007) A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development [online] Migration Information Source, Washington, DC: MPI, <www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580≯ [accessed 15 February 2009]. www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580

Odozia, J.C., Awoyemia, T. and Omonoma, B. (2010) ‘Household poverty and inequality: the implication of migrants' remittances in Nigeria’, Journal of Economic Policy Reform 13(2): 191-199.

Ratha, D. (2007) Leveraging Remittances for Development, Migration Policy Institute Brief, Washington, DC: MPI.

Sorensen, N.N. (2004) The Development Dimension of Migrant Remittances, Migration Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1, Geneva: Department of Migration Policy, Research, and Communications, International Organization for Migration.

Taylor, J.E. (2006) ‘International migration and economic development’, International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Turin, Italy: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat.

Terry, D. and Wilson, S. (2005) Beyond Small Change: Making Remittances Count, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011) The World Factbook, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt≯ [accessed 1 December 2011]. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt

World Bank (2011) Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 [online], Washington, DC: World Bank <http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances≯ [accessed 26 April 2013]. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances

Wouterse, F. (2010) ‘Remittances, poverty, inequality and welfare: evidence from the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso’, Journal of Development Studies 46(4): 771-789. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903019461≯

Zarate-Hoyos, G.A. (2005) ‘The development impact of migrant remittances in Mexico’, in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 159-191, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Adams, R.H. (2006) Remittances and Poverty in Ghana, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3838, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H. and Page, J. (2003) International Migration Remittances and Poverty in Developing Countries, Policy Research Working Paper 3179, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Adams, R.H., Cuecuecha, A. and Page, J. (2008) The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Ghana, Policy Research Working Paper 4732, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ajayi, M.A., Ijaiya, M.A., Ijaiya, G.T., Bello, R.A., Ijaiya, M.A. and Adeyemi, S.L. (2009) ‘International remittances and well-being in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Economics and International Finance 1(3): 078-084.

Anyanwu, J.C. and Erhijakpor, A. (2010) ‘Do international remittances affect poverty in Africa?’ African Development Review 22(11): 51-91. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00228.x≯

Borraz, F. (2005) ‘Assessing the impact of remittances on schooling: the Mexican experience’, Global Economy Journal 5(1), Article 9. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1054≯

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011a) ‘Microfinance, remittances, and small economies’, China-USA Business Review 10(8): 587-599.

Castello, S. and Boike, C. (2011b) ‘Microfinance and small economies: leveraging remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean’, Journal of Business and Economics 2(5): 362-372.

Castello, S. and Ozawa, T. (1999) Globalization of Small Economies as a Strategic Behavior in International Business, New York: Garland Publishing.

Copestake, J., Golberg, N. and Karlan, D. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development & Microfinance 20(3): 167-176.

Cox Edwards, A. and Ureta, M. (2003) ‘International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador’, Journal of Development Economics 72(2): 429-461.

Cull, R., Demirguc-Kant, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167-192. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167≯

DeSoto, H. (2001) The Hidden Architecture of Capitalism, Lima: Institute of Liberty and Democracy.

Durand, J., Parrado, E.A. and Massey, D.S. (1996) ‘Migradollars and Development: a reconsideration of the Mexican case’, International Migration Review 30(2): 423-444. <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547388≯

Fajnzylber, P. and Lopez, H. (2007) Close to Home: The Development Impact of Remittances in Latin America, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Glytsos, N. (2002) ‘The role of migrant remittances in development: evidence from Mediterranean countries’, International Migration 40(1): 5-26. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00183≯

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2009) Sending Money Home to Africa: Remittance Markets, Enabling Environment and Prospects, Rome: IFAD.

Jaramillo, M. (2005) ‘Leveraging the impact of remittances through microfinance products: perspectives from market research,’ in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 133-156, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

Leon-Ledesma, M.L. and Pirasha, M. (2001) International Migration and the Role of Remittances in Eastern Europe, Discussion Paper No. 01/13, Canterbury, UK: Department of Economics, University of Kent.

Lucas, R.E.B. (2006) ‘Migration and rural development’, background paper presented at the conference beyond agriculture: The Promise of a Rural Economy for Growth and Poverty, Rome: FAO.

Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) (2011) ‘Microfinance in Africa’ [online], Micro- Banking Bulletin <www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/≯ [accessed June 2011]. www.mixmarket.org/mfi/region/Africa/2009/

Mochebelele, M.T. and Winter-Nelson, A. (2000) ‘Migrant labour and farm technical efficiency in Lesotho’, World Development 28(1): 143-153. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00116-3≯

Moyo, D. (2009) Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Newland, K. (2007) A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development [online] Migration Information Source, Washington, DC: MPI, <www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580≯ [accessed 15 February 2009]. www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=580

Odozia, J.C., Awoyemia, T. and Omonoma, B. (2010) ‘Household poverty and inequality: the implication of migrants' remittances in Nigeria’, Journal of Economic Policy Reform 13(2): 191-199.

Ratha, D. (2007) Leveraging Remittances for Development, Migration Policy Institute Brief, Washington, DC: MPI.

Sorensen, N.N. (2004) The Development Dimension of Migrant Remittances, Migration Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1, Geneva: Department of Migration Policy, Research, and Communications, International Organization for Migration.

Taylor, J.E. (2006) ‘International migration and economic development’, International Symposium on International Migration and Development, Turin, Italy: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat.

Terry, D. and Wilson, S. (2005) Beyond Small Change: Making Remittances Count, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (2011) The World Factbook, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt≯ [accessed 1 December 2011]. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/rawdata_2119.txt

World Bank (2011) Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 [online], Washington, DC: World Bank <http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances≯ [accessed 26 April 2013]. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/migration-and-remittances

Wouterse, F. (2010) ‘Remittances, poverty, inequality and welfare: evidence from the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso’, Journal of Development Studies 46(4): 771-789. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380903019461≯

Zarate-Hoyos, G.A. (2005) ‘The development impact of migrant remittances in Mexico’, in D.F. Terry and S. Wilson (eds), Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant Remittances Count, pp. 159-191, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.