How do external factors such as donor interventions and government policies influence the competitiveness of community forest enterprises (CFEs)? The author conducted a qualitative study on two second-tier CFEs in Mexico and Guatemala. The study consisted primarily of semistructured interviews with 125 informants, including CFE personnel, buyers, government institutions, and NGOs. It analysed the influence of the CFE's objectives and establishment process over the corporate culture, and the relationship between second-tier CFEs and affiliated CFEs. The study revealed the importance of the autonomous formulation of corporate vision. External interventions should be based on the producers’ agency rather than on the donors’ agendas. The vision of an enterprise should be guided by buyers’ values. A shift from a ‘farmer first’ to a ‘customer first’ culture is of paramount importance for support institutions as well.

Arnold, M. (2002) ‘Identifying links between forests and poverty’, discussion paper presented at the ECT/IIED Forestry and Poverty Reduction Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 13 June 2002.

Blanchard, D. (2007) Supply Chain Management: Best Practices, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NY.

Chambers, R. (1983) Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, UK.

Clay, J.W. (1997) ‘Business and biodiversity: Rain forest marketing and beyond’, in N.C. Vance and J. Thomas (eds), Special Forest Products: Biodiversity Meets the Marketplace, pp. 122-45 [ebook], US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC <http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf≯ [accessed 8 October 2010]. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf

Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development (2001) Business Development Services for Small Enterprises: Guiding Principles for Donor Intervention [ebook] <http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291≯ [accessed 4 May 2012]. http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291

Cooke, B. (2001) ‘The social psychological limits of participation?’ in B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds), Participation: The New Tyranny? pp. 102-21, Zed Books, London.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2005) ‘Making market systems work better for the poor (M4P): An introduction to the concept’ [website], discussion paper prepared for the ADB-DFID ‘Learning Event’, ADB, Manila <http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf≯ [accessed 22 May 2010]. http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf

Doner, R. and Schneider, B. (2000) ‘Business associations and economic development: Why some associations contribute more than others’, Business and Politics 2(3): 260-88, http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1011

Donovan, J., Stoian, D., Macqueen, D. and Grouwels, S. (2006) ‘The business side of sustainable forest management: Small and medium forest enterprise development for poverty reduction’, in Natural Resource Perspectives, 104, Overseas Development Institute, London.

Drucker, P. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, HarperCollins, New York.

Drucker, P. (1990) Managing the Nonprofit Organization: Principles and Practices, HarperCollins, New York.

Farrington, J. and Mitchell, J. (2006) ‘How can the rural poor participate in global economic processes?’ in Natural Resource Perspectives 103 [website], Overseas Development Institute http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf [accessed 5 August 2009]. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf

GTZ (2007) ValueLinks Manual: The Methodology of Value Chain Analysis [ebook], GTZ http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf [accessed 8 September 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf

Handfield, R. and Nicholls, E. (2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Chain Systems, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Harper, M. and Tanburn, J. (eds) (2005) Mapping the Shift in Business Development Services: Making Markets Work for the Poor, ITDG Publishing, New Delhi, India.

Herrmann, J.W. (2003) ‘Design for production: Concepts and applications’, in Proceedings of the SME East Coast Region 3 Annual Members Conference [website] <http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf≯ [accessed 23 September 2011]. http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf

Hidalgo, N.S. and Pasos, R. (2008) ‘Lessons from trade in community forest products: Guatemala’, in Duncan Macqueen (ed.), Distinguishing Community Forest Products in the Market: Industrial Demand for a Mechanism that Brings Together Forest Certification and Fair Trade, Small and Medium Forest Enterprise Series No. 22, pp. 73-88 [ebook], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf≯ [accessed 28 January 2011]. http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf

Hoffman, K. (2005) ‘Aid Industry Reform and the Role of Enterprise’ Oil, Gas and Energy Law 3, www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934 [accessed 9 May 2012]. www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Alemán, L. (2010) Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Donor Practice, IDS Research Report Vol. 2010, No. 63 [ebook], IDS, Brighton, UK <http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf≯ [accessed 15 September 2011]. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.

Lecup, I. and Nicholson, K. (2000) Community-Based Tree and Forest Product Enterprises: Market Analysis and Development, FAO, Rome.

Lusby, F. (2006) ‘Useful principles for adopting a market development approach for enterprise development organizations’, International Journal of Emerging Markets 1(4): 341-47<http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17468800610703388≯.

Macqueen, D. (2004) Associations of Small and Medium Forest Enterprise [website], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf

Mayers, J. and Vermeulen, S. (2002) Company-Community Forestry Partnerships: From Raw Deals to Mutual Gains? An International Review with Proposals for Improving Forests, Enterprise and Livelihoods, IIED, London.

Meyer-Stamer, J. (2003) ‘Obstacles to cooperation in clusters and how to overcome them’, Developing Alternatives 9(1): 19-24 <http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf

Meyer, R. (2006) ‘Re: Day One: Defining impact assessment’, in Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org & USAID, pp. 22-23 [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 11 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Miehlbradt, A., McVay, M. and Tamburn, J. (2005) From BDS to Making Markets Work for the Poor: The 2005 Reader [ebook]. ILO <http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf≯ [accessed 8 May 2012]. http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf

Molnar, A., Liddle, M., Bracer, C., Khare, A., White, A. and Bull, J. (2007) Community-Based Forest Enterprises: Their Status and Potential in Tropical Countries [ebook], ITTO Technical Series #28 <http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline

Ostrom, E. (2000) ‘Collective action and the evolution of social norms’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3): 137-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137

Porter, M. (1998) ‘Cluster and the new economics of competition’, Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec 1998: 77-90.

Pritchett, L. (2002) ‘It pays to be ignorant: A simple political economy of rigorous program evaluation’, The Journal of Policy Reform 5(4): 251-69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1384128032000096832

Rosenfeld, S. (1996) ‘Does cooperation enhance competitiveness? Assessing the impacts of inter-firm collaboration’, Research Policy 25: 247-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(95)00835-7

Schmitz, H. and Nadvi, K. (1999) ‘Clustering and industrialization: Introduction’, World Development 27(9): 1503-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00072-8

Seville, D., Buxton, A. and Vorley, B. (2011) Under What Conditions are Value Chains Effective Tools for Pro-Poor Development? [website], IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf

Stoian, D., Donovan, J. and Poole, N. (2009) ‘Unlocking the development potential of community forest enterprises: Findings from a comparative study in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States’ [website], paper presented at the XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18-23 October 2009 <http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf≯ [accessed 22 November 2010]. http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf

USAID (2006) Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 2 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Arnold, M. (2002) ‘Identifying links between forests and poverty’, discussion paper presented at the ECT/IIED Forestry and Poverty Reduction Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 13 June 2002.

Blanchard, D. (2007) Supply Chain Management: Best Practices, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NY.

Chambers, R. (1983) Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, UK.

Clay, J.W. (1997) ‘Business and biodiversity: Rain forest marketing and beyond’, in N.C. Vance and J. Thomas (eds), Special Forest Products: Biodiversity Meets the Marketplace, pp. 122-45 [ebook], US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC <http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf≯ [accessed 8 October 2010]. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf

Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development (2001) Business Development Services for Small Enterprises: Guiding Principles for Donor Intervention [ebook] <http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291≯ [accessed 4 May 2012]. http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291

Cooke, B. (2001) ‘The social psychological limits of participation?’ in B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds), Participation: The New Tyranny? pp. 102-21, Zed Books, London.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2005) ‘Making market systems work better for the poor (M4P): An introduction to the concept’ [website], discussion paper prepared for the ADB-DFID ‘Learning Event’, ADB, Manila <http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf≯ [accessed 22 May 2010]. http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf

Doner, R. and Schneider, B. (2000) ‘Business associations and economic development: Why some associations contribute more than others’, Business and Politics 2(3): 260-88, http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1011

Donovan, J., Stoian, D., Macqueen, D. and Grouwels, S. (2006) ‘The business side of sustainable forest management: Small and medium forest enterprise development for poverty reduction’, in Natural Resource Perspectives, 104, Overseas Development Institute, London.

Drucker, P. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, HarperCollins, New York.

Drucker, P. (1990) Managing the Nonprofit Organization: Principles and Practices, HarperCollins, New York.

Farrington, J. and Mitchell, J. (2006) ‘How can the rural poor participate in global economic processes?’ in Natural Resource Perspectives 103 [website], Overseas Development Institute http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf [accessed 5 August 2009]. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf

GTZ (2007) ValueLinks Manual: The Methodology of Value Chain Analysis [ebook], GTZ http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf [accessed 8 September 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf

Handfield, R. and Nicholls, E. (2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Chain Systems, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Harper, M. and Tanburn, J. (eds) (2005) Mapping the Shift in Business Development Services: Making Markets Work for the Poor, ITDG Publishing, New Delhi, India.

Herrmann, J.W. (2003) ‘Design for production: Concepts and applications’, in Proceedings of the SME East Coast Region 3 Annual Members Conference [website] <http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf≯ [accessed 23 September 2011]. http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf

Hidalgo, N.S. and Pasos, R. (2008) ‘Lessons from trade in community forest products: Guatemala’, in Duncan Macqueen (ed.), Distinguishing Community Forest Products in the Market: Industrial Demand for a Mechanism that Brings Together Forest Certification and Fair Trade, Small and Medium Forest Enterprise Series No. 22, pp. 73-88 [ebook], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf≯ [accessed 28 January 2011]. http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf

Hoffman, K. (2005) ‘Aid Industry Reform and the Role of Enterprise’ Oil, Gas and Energy Law 3, www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934 [accessed 9 May 2012]. www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Alemán, L. (2010) Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Donor Practice, IDS Research Report Vol. 2010, No. 63 [ebook], IDS, Brighton, UK <http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf≯ [accessed 15 September 2011]. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.

Lecup, I. and Nicholson, K. (2000) Community-Based Tree and Forest Product Enterprises: Market Analysis and Development, FAO, Rome.

Lusby, F. (2006) ‘Useful principles for adopting a market development approach for enterprise development organizations’, International Journal of Emerging Markets 1(4): 341-47<http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17468800610703388≯.

Macqueen, D. (2004) Associations of Small and Medium Forest Enterprise [website], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf

Mayers, J. and Vermeulen, S. (2002) Company-Community Forestry Partnerships: From Raw Deals to Mutual Gains? An International Review with Proposals for Improving Forests, Enterprise and Livelihoods, IIED, London.

Meyer-Stamer, J. (2003) ‘Obstacles to cooperation in clusters and how to overcome them’, Developing Alternatives 9(1): 19-24 <http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf

Meyer, R. (2006) ‘Re: Day One: Defining impact assessment’, in Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org & USAID, pp. 22-23 [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 11 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Miehlbradt, A., McVay, M. and Tamburn, J. (2005) From BDS to Making Markets Work for the Poor: The 2005 Reader [ebook]. ILO <http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf≯ [accessed 8 May 2012]. http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf

Molnar, A., Liddle, M., Bracer, C., Khare, A., White, A. and Bull, J. (2007) Community-Based Forest Enterprises: Their Status and Potential in Tropical Countries [ebook], ITTO Technical Series #28 <http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline

Ostrom, E. (2000) ‘Collective action and the evolution of social norms’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3): 137-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137

Porter, M. (1998) ‘Cluster and the new economics of competition’, Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec 1998: 77-90.

Pritchett, L. (2002) ‘It pays to be ignorant: A simple political economy of rigorous program evaluation’, The Journal of Policy Reform 5(4): 251-69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1384128032000096832

Rosenfeld, S. (1996) ‘Does cooperation enhance competitiveness? Assessing the impacts of inter-firm collaboration’, Research Policy 25: 247-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(95)00835-7

Schmitz, H. and Nadvi, K. (1999) ‘Clustering and industrialization: Introduction’, World Development 27(9): 1503-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00072-8

Seville, D., Buxton, A. and Vorley, B. (2011) Under What Conditions are Value Chains Effective Tools for Pro-Poor Development? [website], IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf

Stoian, D., Donovan, J. and Poole, N. (2009) ‘Unlocking the development potential of community forest enterprises: Findings from a comparative study in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States’ [website], paper presented at the XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18-23 October 2009 <http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf≯ [accessed 22 November 2010]. http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf

USAID (2006) Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 2 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Arnold, M. (2002) ‘Identifying links between forests and poverty’, discussion paper presented at the ECT/IIED Forestry and Poverty Reduction Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 13 June 2002.

Blanchard, D. (2007) Supply Chain Management: Best Practices, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NY.

Chambers, R. (1983) Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, UK.

Clay, J.W. (1997) ‘Business and biodiversity: Rain forest marketing and beyond’, in N.C. Vance and J. Thomas (eds), Special Forest Products: Biodiversity Meets the Marketplace, pp. 122-45 [ebook], US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC <http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf≯ [accessed 8 October 2010]. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf

Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development (2001) Business Development Services for Small Enterprises: Guiding Principles for Donor Intervention [ebook] <http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291≯ [accessed 4 May 2012]. http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291

Cooke, B. (2001) ‘The social psychological limits of participation?’ in B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds), Participation: The New Tyranny? pp. 102-21, Zed Books, London.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2005) ‘Making market systems work better for the poor (M4P): An introduction to the concept’ [website], discussion paper prepared for the ADB-DFID ‘Learning Event’, ADB, Manila <http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf≯ [accessed 22 May 2010]. http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf

Doner, R. and Schneider, B. (2000) ‘Business associations and economic development: Why some associations contribute more than others’, Business and Politics 2(3): 260-88, http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1011

Donovan, J., Stoian, D., Macqueen, D. and Grouwels, S. (2006) ‘The business side of sustainable forest management: Small and medium forest enterprise development for poverty reduction’, in Natural Resource Perspectives, 104, Overseas Development Institute, London.

Drucker, P. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, HarperCollins, New York.

Drucker, P. (1990) Managing the Nonprofit Organization: Principles and Practices, HarperCollins, New York.

Farrington, J. and Mitchell, J. (2006) ‘How can the rural poor participate in global economic processes?’ in Natural Resource Perspectives 103 [website], Overseas Development Institute http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf [accessed 5 August 2009]. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf

GTZ (2007) ValueLinks Manual: The Methodology of Value Chain Analysis [ebook], GTZ http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf [accessed 8 September 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf

Handfield, R. and Nicholls, E. (2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Chain Systems, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Harper, M. and Tanburn, J. (eds) (2005) Mapping the Shift in Business Development Services: Making Markets Work for the Poor, ITDG Publishing, New Delhi, India.

Herrmann, J.W. (2003) ‘Design for production: Concepts and applications’, in Proceedings of the SME East Coast Region 3 Annual Members Conference [website] <http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf≯ [accessed 23 September 2011]. http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf

Hidalgo, N.S. and Pasos, R. (2008) ‘Lessons from trade in community forest products: Guatemala’, in Duncan Macqueen (ed.), Distinguishing Community Forest Products in the Market: Industrial Demand for a Mechanism that Brings Together Forest Certification and Fair Trade, Small and Medium Forest Enterprise Series No. 22, pp. 73-88 [ebook], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf≯ [accessed 28 January 2011]. http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf

Hoffman, K. (2005) ‘Aid Industry Reform and the Role of Enterprise’ Oil, Gas and Energy Law 3, www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934 [accessed 9 May 2012]. www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Alemán, L. (2010) Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Donor Practice, IDS Research Report Vol. 2010, No. 63 [ebook], IDS, Brighton, UK <http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf≯ [accessed 15 September 2011]. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.

Lecup, I. and Nicholson, K. (2000) Community-Based Tree and Forest Product Enterprises: Market Analysis and Development, FAO, Rome.

Lusby, F. (2006) ‘Useful principles for adopting a market development approach for enterprise development organizations’, International Journal of Emerging Markets 1(4): 341-47<http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17468800610703388≯.

Macqueen, D. (2004) Associations of Small and Medium Forest Enterprise [website], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf

Mayers, J. and Vermeulen, S. (2002) Company-Community Forestry Partnerships: From Raw Deals to Mutual Gains? An International Review with Proposals for Improving Forests, Enterprise and Livelihoods, IIED, London.

Meyer-Stamer, J. (2003) ‘Obstacles to cooperation in clusters and how to overcome them’, Developing Alternatives 9(1): 19-24 <http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf

Meyer, R. (2006) ‘Re: Day One: Defining impact assessment’, in Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org & USAID, pp. 22-23 [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 11 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Miehlbradt, A., McVay, M. and Tamburn, J. (2005) From BDS to Making Markets Work for the Poor: The 2005 Reader [ebook]. ILO <http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf≯ [accessed 8 May 2012]. http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf

Molnar, A., Liddle, M., Bracer, C., Khare, A., White, A. and Bull, J. (2007) Community-Based Forest Enterprises: Their Status and Potential in Tropical Countries [ebook], ITTO Technical Series #28 <http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline

Ostrom, E. (2000) ‘Collective action and the evolution of social norms’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3): 137-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137

Porter, M. (1998) ‘Cluster and the new economics of competition’, Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec 1998: 77-90.

Pritchett, L. (2002) ‘It pays to be ignorant: A simple political economy of rigorous program evaluation’, The Journal of Policy Reform 5(4): 251-69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1384128032000096832

Rosenfeld, S. (1996) ‘Does cooperation enhance competitiveness? Assessing the impacts of inter-firm collaboration’, Research Policy 25: 247-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(95)00835-7

Schmitz, H. and Nadvi, K. (1999) ‘Clustering and industrialization: Introduction’, World Development 27(9): 1503-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00072-8

Seville, D., Buxton, A. and Vorley, B. (2011) Under What Conditions are Value Chains Effective Tools for Pro-Poor Development? [website], IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf

Stoian, D., Donovan, J. and Poole, N. (2009) ‘Unlocking the development potential of community forest enterprises: Findings from a comparative study in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States’ [website], paper presented at the XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18-23 October 2009 <http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf≯ [accessed 22 November 2010]. http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf

USAID (2006) Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 2 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Arnold, M. (2002) ‘Identifying links between forests and poverty’, discussion paper presented at the ECT/IIED Forestry and Poverty Reduction Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 13 June 2002.

Blanchard, D. (2007) Supply Chain Management: Best Practices, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NY.

Chambers, R. (1983) Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, UK.

Clay, J.W. (1997) ‘Business and biodiversity: Rain forest marketing and beyond’, in N.C. Vance and J. Thomas (eds), Special Forest Products: Biodiversity Meets the Marketplace, pp. 122-45 [ebook], US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC <http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf≯ [accessed 8 October 2010]. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr63/gtrwo63h.pdf

Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development (2001) Business Development Services for Small Enterprises: Guiding Principles for Donor Intervention [ebook] <http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291≯ [accessed 4 May 2012]. http://www.enterprise-development.org/download.aspx?id=1291

Cooke, B. (2001) ‘The social psychological limits of participation?’ in B. Cooke and U. Kothari (eds), Participation: The New Tyranny? pp. 102-21, Zed Books, London.

Department for International Development (DFID) (2005) ‘Making market systems work better for the poor (M4P): An introduction to the concept’ [website], discussion paper prepared for the ADB-DFID ‘Learning Event’, ADB, Manila <http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf≯ [accessed 22 May 2010]. http://www.urbanlandmark.org.za/downloads/DFID_M4P_An_introduction_to_the_concept.pdf

Doner, R. and Schneider, B. (2000) ‘Business associations and economic development: Why some associations contribute more than others’, Business and Politics 2(3): 260-88, http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1011

Donovan, J., Stoian, D., Macqueen, D. and Grouwels, S. (2006) ‘The business side of sustainable forest management: Small and medium forest enterprise development for poverty reduction’, in Natural Resource Perspectives, 104, Overseas Development Institute, London.

Drucker, P. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, HarperCollins, New York.

Drucker, P. (1990) Managing the Nonprofit Organization: Principles and Practices, HarperCollins, New York.

Farrington, J. and Mitchell, J. (2006) ‘How can the rural poor participate in global economic processes?’ in Natural Resource Perspectives 103 [website], Overseas Development Institute http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf [accessed 5 August 2009]. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/35.pdf

GTZ (2007) ValueLinks Manual: The Methodology of Value Chain Analysis [ebook], GTZ http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf [accessed 8 September 2011]. http://edu.care.org/Documents/GTZ%20ValueLinks%20Manual.pdf

Handfield, R. and Nicholls, E. (2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Chain Systems, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Harper, M. and Tanburn, J. (eds) (2005) Mapping the Shift in Business Development Services: Making Markets Work for the Poor, ITDG Publishing, New Delhi, India.

Herrmann, J.W. (2003) ‘Design for production: Concepts and applications’, in Proceedings of the SME East Coast Region 3 Annual Members Conference [website] <http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf≯ [accessed 23 September 2011]. http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/projects/dfp/r3memcon.pdf

Hidalgo, N.S. and Pasos, R. (2008) ‘Lessons from trade in community forest products: Guatemala’, in Duncan Macqueen (ed.), Distinguishing Community Forest Products in the Market: Industrial Demand for a Mechanism that Brings Together Forest Certification and Fair Trade, Small and Medium Forest Enterprise Series No. 22, pp. 73-88 [ebook], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf≯ [accessed 28 January 2011]. http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_579.pdf

Hoffman, K. (2005) ‘Aid Industry Reform and the Role of Enterprise’ Oil, Gas and Energy Law 3, www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934 [accessed 9 May 2012]. www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=1934

Humphrey, J. and Navas-Alemán, L. (2010) Value Chains, Donor Interventions and Poverty Reduction: A Review of Donor Practice, IDS Research Report Vol. 2010, No. 63 [ebook], IDS, Brighton, UK <http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf≯ [accessed 15 September 2011]. http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr63.pdf

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.

Lecup, I. and Nicholson, K. (2000) Community-Based Tree and Forest Product Enterprises: Market Analysis and Development, FAO, Rome.

Lusby, F. (2006) ‘Useful principles for adopting a market development approach for enterprise development organizations’, International Journal of Emerging Markets 1(4): 341-47<http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17468800610703388≯.

Macqueen, D. (2004) Associations of Small and Medium Forest Enterprise [website], IIED, Edinburgh, UK <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13512IIED.pdf

Mayers, J. and Vermeulen, S. (2002) Company-Community Forestry Partnerships: From Raw Deals to Mutual Gains? An International Review with Proposals for Improving Forests, Enterprise and Livelihoods, IIED, London.

Meyer-Stamer, J. (2003) ‘Obstacles to cooperation in clusters and how to overcome them’, Developing Alternatives 9(1): 19-24 <http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf≯ [accessed 9 May 2012]. http://www.meyer-stamer.de/2003/JMS-Cluster-DevelopingAlternatives.pdf

Meyer, R. (2006) ‘Re: Day One: Defining impact assessment’, in Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org & USAID, pp. 22-23 [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 11 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf

Miehlbradt, A., McVay, M. and Tamburn, J. (2005) From BDS to Making Markets Work for the Poor: The 2005 Reader [ebook]. ILO <http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf≯ [accessed 8 May 2012]. http://www.value-chains.org/dyn/bds/docs/452/Reader_2005_final_LOW_RES.pdf

Molnar, A., Liddle, M., Bracer, C., Khare, A., White, A. and Bull, J. (2007) Community-Based Forest Enterprises: Their Status and Potential in Tropical Countries [ebook], ITTO Technical Series #28 <http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=37100000&no=1&disp=inline

Ostrom, E. (2000) ‘Collective action and the evolution of social norms’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3): 137-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137

Porter, M. (1998) ‘Cluster and the new economics of competition’, Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec 1998: 77-90.

Pritchett, L. (2002) ‘It pays to be ignorant: A simple political economy of rigorous program evaluation’, The Journal of Policy Reform 5(4): 251-69, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1384128032000096832

Rosenfeld, S. (1996) ‘Does cooperation enhance competitiveness? Assessing the impacts of inter-firm collaboration’, Research Policy 25: 247-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(95)00835-7

Schmitz, H. and Nadvi, K. (1999) ‘Clustering and industrialization: Introduction’, World Development 27(9): 1503-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00072-8

Seville, D., Buxton, A. and Vorley, B. (2011) Under What Conditions are Value Chains Effective Tools for Pro-Poor Development? [website], IIED <http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf≯ [accessed 30 October 2011]. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16029IIED.pdf

Stoian, D., Donovan, J. and Poole, N. (2009) ‘Unlocking the development potential of community forest enterprises: Findings from a comparative study in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States’ [website], paper presented at the XIII World Forestry Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18-23 October 2009 <http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf≯ [accessed 22 November 2010]. http://www.catie.ac.cr/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/development%20potential%20of%20cfe%20-%20stoian%20et%20al%202009.pdf

USAID (2006) Impact Assessment: An Online Speaker's Corner Discussion Led by Gary Woller and Hosted by Microlinks.org [ebook] <http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf≯ [accessed 2 October 2011]. http://microlinks.kdid.org/sites/microlinks/files/resource/files/SC14.pdf