The G2P opportunity: Five reasons why now is the time to leverage social protection to enable financial inclusion and savings among the poorest
Around the world, increasingly widespread cash-based social protection schemes - programmes delivering cash payments to over 750 million people among the world's most vulnerable populations - are creating opportunities, particularly through new delivery mechanisms. Policymakers and experts working in financial inclusion, social policy, human development, and behavioural economics have expressed wide interest in leveraging this shift in delivery approaches by incorporating mechanisms that either enable or encourage savings behaviour. Growing, albeit relatively limited, global evidence suggests that linking social protection payments (commonly referred to as government-to-person (G2P) payments) to savings opportunities has trifold benefits. Financial intermediaries benefit from regular infusions of cash and new clients; the recipients gain access to the tools to manage their assets and save for investments, smooth consumption, and create a savings buffer to protect against adverse events; and governments achieve improved efficiency in payments through electronic delivery and multiplier effects through enhanced developmental impact. In this paper we posit that the financial inclusion field faces a unique and important opportunity for deeper exploration of the potential benefits of direct savings-linked G2P payments for developing world governments, financial intermediaries, and most vitally, the clients themselves.Aker, J.C., Boumnijel, R., McClelland, A. and Tierney, N. (2011) Zap it to Me: The Short-Term Impacts of a Mobile Cash Transfer Program [website], The Center for Global Development, Washington, DC <http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf
Amin, A., Herbert, M., Dermish, A. and Dias, D. (2011) ‘“Is Grandma Ready for This?” Mexico's Move to Electronic G2P Payments’ [website], developed for the Leadership Program for Financial Inclusion, Tufts University <http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf
Barrientos, A. and Scott, J. (2008) ‘Social transfers and growth: A review’, BWPI Working Paper no. 52 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf
Barrientos, A., Niño-Zarazúa, M.A. and Maitrot, M. (2010) Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database Version 5.0 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (2008) Leveraging G2P Payments for Financial Inclusion [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/
Fernald, L.C. and Gunnar, M.R. (2009) ‘Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children’, Social Science and Medicine 68: 2180-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032
Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. and Hulme, D. (2010) Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South, Kumarian Press, Sterling, VA. Hashemi, S.M. and de Montesquiou, A. (2011) ‘Reaching the Poorest: Lessons from the Graduation Model’, Focus Note no. 69 [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf
Jackelen, H., Zimmerman, J., Holmes, J., Sivakumaran, S. and Sobhani, S. (2011) A Third Way for Official Development Assistance [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC and UNDP, New York <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf
Lindert, K., Linder, A., Hobbs, J. and de la Brière, B. (2007) ‘The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context’, SP Discussion Paper no. 0709 [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf
Mas, I. (2011) ‘Transforming access to finance in developing countries through mobile phones: Creating an enabling policy framework’, Banking & Finance Law Review 27 <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024
MCDSS-GTZ Social Safety Net Project (2006) Evaluation Report: Kalomo Social Cash Transfer Scheme [website], Lusaka <http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf
Meyer, J., Masa, R. and Zimmerman, J. (2009) ‘Overview of child development accounts in developing countries’, Center for Social Development Working Paper no. 09-55 [website] <http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries
New America Foundation (2010) Youth Savings in Developing Countries: Trends in Practice, Gaps in Knowledge [website], New America Foundation <http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave
Pickens, M., Porteous, D. and Rotman, S. (2009) ‘Banking the Poor via G2P Payments’, Focus Note no. 58 [website], CGAP, Washington, DC <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf
Posgate, D., Craviolatti, P., Hossain, N., Osinski, P., Parker, T. and Sultana, P. (2004) ‘Review of the BRAC/CFPR Specially Targeted Ultra-Poor (STUP) Programme: Mission Report’, unpublished report, BRAC Donor Liaison Office, Dhaka.
Soares, F.V., Perez Ribas, R. and Guerreiro Osório, R. (2007) ‘Evaluating the Impact of Brazil's Bolsa Família: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective’, IPC Evaluation Note no. 1 [website], International Poverty Centre, Brasília, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf
Soares, S., Guerreiro Osório, R., Veras Soares, F., Medeiros, M. and Zepeda, E. (2007) ‘Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impacts upon Inequality’, Working Paper no. 35 [website], International Poverty Center, Brasilia, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf
United Nations Development Programme, ‘The Social Protection Context in Kenya’ [website] <http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya
World Bank (2010) Cash Payments Can Reduce HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa: New Bank Studies [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html
Zimmerman, J. and Moury, Y. (2009) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: A New Policy Approach to Global Poverty Reduction, A Global Assets Project Policy Brief [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf
Zimmerman, J. and Holmes, J. et al. with DeGiovanni, Frank , Jackelen, Henry, Sivakumaran, Subathirai, Sobhani, Sahba, McHale, Brandee, and Moury, Yves (2011) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: Lessons, Challenges and Directions [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf
Aker, J.C., Boumnijel, R., McClelland, A. and Tierney, N. (2011) Zap it to Me: The Short-Term Impacts of a Mobile Cash Transfer Program [website], The Center for Global Development, Washington, DC <http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf
Amin, A., Herbert, M., Dermish, A. and Dias, D. (2011) ‘“Is Grandma Ready for This?” Mexico's Move to Electronic G2P Payments’ [website], developed for the Leadership Program for Financial Inclusion, Tufts University <http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf
Barrientos, A. and Scott, J. (2008) ‘Social transfers and growth: A review’, BWPI Working Paper no. 52 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf
Barrientos, A., Niño-Zarazúa, M.A. and Maitrot, M. (2010) Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database Version 5.0 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (2008) Leveraging G2P Payments for Financial Inclusion [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/
Fernald, L.C. and Gunnar, M.R. (2009) ‘Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children’, Social Science and Medicine 68: 2180-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032
Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. and Hulme, D. (2010) Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South, Kumarian Press, Sterling, VA. Hashemi, S.M. and de Montesquiou, A. (2011) ‘Reaching the Poorest: Lessons from the Graduation Model’, Focus Note no. 69 [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf
Jackelen, H., Zimmerman, J., Holmes, J., Sivakumaran, S. and Sobhani, S. (2011) A Third Way for Official Development Assistance [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC and UNDP, New York <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf
Lindert, K., Linder, A., Hobbs, J. and de la Brière, B. (2007) ‘The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context’, SP Discussion Paper no. 0709 [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf
Mas, I. (2011) ‘Transforming access to finance in developing countries through mobile phones: Creating an enabling policy framework’, Banking & Finance Law Review 27 <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024
MCDSS-GTZ Social Safety Net Project (2006) Evaluation Report: Kalomo Social Cash Transfer Scheme [website], Lusaka <http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf
Meyer, J., Masa, R. and Zimmerman, J. (2009) ‘Overview of child development accounts in developing countries’, Center for Social Development Working Paper no. 09-55 [website] <http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries
New America Foundation (2010) Youth Savings in Developing Countries: Trends in Practice, Gaps in Knowledge [website], New America Foundation <http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave
Pickens, M., Porteous, D. and Rotman, S. (2009) ‘Banking the Poor via G2P Payments’, Focus Note no. 58 [website], CGAP, Washington, DC <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf
Posgate, D., Craviolatti, P., Hossain, N., Osinski, P., Parker, T. and Sultana, P. (2004) ‘Review of the BRAC/CFPR Specially Targeted Ultra-Poor (STUP) Programme: Mission Report’, unpublished report, BRAC Donor Liaison Office, Dhaka.
Soares, F.V., Perez Ribas, R. and Guerreiro Osório, R. (2007) ‘Evaluating the Impact of Brazil's Bolsa Família: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective’, IPC Evaluation Note no. 1 [website], International Poverty Centre, Brasília, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf
Soares, S., Guerreiro Osório, R., Veras Soares, F., Medeiros, M. and Zepeda, E. (2007) ‘Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impacts upon Inequality’, Working Paper no. 35 [website], International Poverty Center, Brasilia, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf
United Nations Development Programme, ‘The Social Protection Context in Kenya’ [website] <http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya
World Bank (2010) Cash Payments Can Reduce HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa: New Bank Studies [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html
Zimmerman, J. and Moury, Y. (2009) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: A New Policy Approach to Global Poverty Reduction, A Global Assets Project Policy Brief [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf
Zimmerman, J. and Holmes, J. et al. with DeGiovanni, Frank , Jackelen, Henry, Sivakumaran, Subathirai, Sobhani, Sahba, McHale, Brandee, and Moury, Yves (2011) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: Lessons, Challenges and Directions [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf
Aker, J.C., Boumnijel, R., McClelland, A. and Tierney, N. (2011) Zap it to Me: The Short-Term Impacts of a Mobile Cash Transfer Program [website], The Center for Global Development, Washington, DC <http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf
Amin, A., Herbert, M., Dermish, A. and Dias, D. (2011) ‘“Is Grandma Ready for This?” Mexico's Move to Electronic G2P Payments’ [website], developed for the Leadership Program for Financial Inclusion, Tufts University <http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf
Barrientos, A. and Scott, J. (2008) ‘Social transfers and growth: A review’, BWPI Working Paper no. 52 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf
Barrientos, A., Niño-Zarazúa, M.A. and Maitrot, M. (2010) Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database Version 5.0 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (2008) Leveraging G2P Payments for Financial Inclusion [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/
Fernald, L.C. and Gunnar, M.R. (2009) ‘Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children’, Social Science and Medicine 68: 2180-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032
Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. and Hulme, D. (2010) Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South, Kumarian Press, Sterling, VA. Hashemi, S.M. and de Montesquiou, A. (2011) ‘Reaching the Poorest: Lessons from the Graduation Model’, Focus Note no. 69 [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf
Jackelen, H., Zimmerman, J., Holmes, J., Sivakumaran, S. and Sobhani, S. (2011) A Third Way for Official Development Assistance [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC and UNDP, New York <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf
Lindert, K., Linder, A., Hobbs, J. and de la Brière, B. (2007) ‘The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context’, SP Discussion Paper no. 0709 [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf
Mas, I. (2011) ‘Transforming access to finance in developing countries through mobile phones: Creating an enabling policy framework’, Banking & Finance Law Review 27 <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024
MCDSS-GTZ Social Safety Net Project (2006) Evaluation Report: Kalomo Social Cash Transfer Scheme [website], Lusaka <http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf
Meyer, J., Masa, R. and Zimmerman, J. (2009) ‘Overview of child development accounts in developing countries’, Center for Social Development Working Paper no. 09-55 [website] <http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries
New America Foundation (2010) Youth Savings in Developing Countries: Trends in Practice, Gaps in Knowledge [website], New America Foundation <http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave
Pickens, M., Porteous, D. and Rotman, S. (2009) ‘Banking the Poor via G2P Payments’, Focus Note no. 58 [website], CGAP, Washington, DC <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf
Posgate, D., Craviolatti, P., Hossain, N., Osinski, P., Parker, T. and Sultana, P. (2004) ‘Review of the BRAC/CFPR Specially Targeted Ultra-Poor (STUP) Programme: Mission Report’, unpublished report, BRAC Donor Liaison Office, Dhaka.
Soares, F.V., Perez Ribas, R. and Guerreiro Osório, R. (2007) ‘Evaluating the Impact of Brazil's Bolsa Família: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective’, IPC Evaluation Note no. 1 [website], International Poverty Centre, Brasília, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf
Soares, S., Guerreiro Osório, R., Veras Soares, F., Medeiros, M. and Zepeda, E. (2007) ‘Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impacts upon Inequality’, Working Paper no. 35 [website], International Poverty Center, Brasilia, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf
United Nations Development Programme, ‘The Social Protection Context in Kenya’ [website] <http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya
World Bank (2010) Cash Payments Can Reduce HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa: New Bank Studies [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html
Zimmerman, J. and Moury, Y. (2009) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: A New Policy Approach to Global Poverty Reduction, A Global Assets Project Policy Brief [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf
Zimmerman, J. and Holmes, J. et al. with DeGiovanni, Frank , Jackelen, Henry, Sivakumaran, Subathirai, Sobhani, Sahba, McHale, Brandee, and Moury, Yves (2011) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: Lessons, Challenges and Directions [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf
Aker, J.C., Boumnijel, R., McClelland, A. and Tierney, N. (2011) Zap it to Me: The Short-Term Impacts of a Mobile Cash Transfer Program [website], The Center for Global Development, Washington, DC <http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425470_file_Aker_et_al_Zap_It_to_Me_FINAL.pdf
Amin, A., Herbert, M., Dermish, A. and Dias, D. (2011) ‘“Is Grandma Ready for This?” Mexico's Move to Electronic G2P Payments’ [website], developed for the Leadership Program for Financial Inclusion, Tufts University <http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CEME/publications/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CEME/pubs/pdfs/Apr%2011%20Mexico%20Kills%20Cash.pdf
Barrientos, A. and Scott, J. (2008) ‘Social transfers and growth: A review’, BWPI Working Paper no. 52 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-5208.pdf
Barrientos, A., Niño-Zarazúa, M.A. and Maitrot, M. (2010) Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database Version 5.0 [website], Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, UK <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (2008) Leveraging G2P Payments for Financial Inclusion [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.26.3810/
Fernald, L.C. and Gunnar, M.R. (2009) ‘Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children’, Social Science and Medicine 68: 2180-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032
Hanlon, J., Barrientos, A. and Hulme, D. (2010) Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South, Kumarian Press, Sterling, VA. Hashemi, S.M. and de Montesquiou, A. (2011) ‘Reaching the Poorest: Lessons from the Graduation Model’, Focus Note no. 69 [website], CGAP <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.50739/FN69.pdf
Jackelen, H., Zimmerman, J., Holmes, J., Sivakumaran, S. and Sobhani, S. (2011) A Third Way for Official Development Assistance [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC and UNDP, New York <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/AThirdWayForODA.pdf
Lindert, K., Linder, A., Hobbs, J. and de la Brière, B. (2007) ‘The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context’, SP Discussion Paper no. 0709 [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://josiah.berkeley.edu/2008Fall/ARE253/PN3%20Services%20for%20Poor/Brazil_BolsaFamilia.pdf
Mas, I. (2011) ‘Transforming access to finance in developing countries through mobile phones: Creating an enabling policy framework’, Banking & Finance Law Review 27 <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1779024
MCDSS-GTZ Social Safety Net Project (2006) Evaluation Report: Kalomo Social Cash Transfer Scheme [website], Lusaka <http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-kalomo-scts-evaluation-report-zm.pdf
Meyer, J., Masa, R. and Zimmerman, J. (2009) ‘Overview of child development accounts in developing countries’, Center for Social Development Working Paper no. 09-55 [website] <http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/overview_of_child_development_accounts_in_developing_countries
New America Foundation (2010) Youth Savings in Developing Countries: Trends in Practice, Gaps in Knowledge [website], New America Foundation <http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/publications/policy/youthsave
Pickens, M., Porteous, D. and Rotman, S. (2009) ‘Banking the Poor via G2P Payments’, Focus Note no. 58 [website], CGAP, Washington, DC <http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.cgap.org/gm/document-1.9.41174/FN58.pdf
Posgate, D., Craviolatti, P., Hossain, N., Osinski, P., Parker, T. and Sultana, P. (2004) ‘Review of the BRAC/CFPR Specially Targeted Ultra-Poor (STUP) Programme: Mission Report’, unpublished report, BRAC Donor Liaison Office, Dhaka.
Soares, F.V., Perez Ribas, R. and Guerreiro Osório, R. (2007) ‘Evaluating the Impact of Brazil's Bolsa Família: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective’, IPC Evaluation Note no. 1 [website], International Poverty Centre, Brasília, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCEvaluationNote1.pdf
Soares, S., Guerreiro Osório, R., Veras Soares, F., Medeiros, M. and Zepeda, E. (2007) ‘Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impacts upon Inequality’, Working Paper no. 35 [website], International Poverty Center, Brasilia, Brazil <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf
United Nations Development Programme, ‘The Social Protection Context in Kenya’ [website] <http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://south-south.ipc-undp.org/about-us/item/180-the-social- protection-context-in-kenya
World Bank (2010) Cash Payments Can Reduce HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa: New Bank Studies [website], World Bank, Washington, DC <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22651958~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html
Zimmerman, J. and Moury, Y. (2009) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: A New Policy Approach to Global Poverty Reduction, A Global Assets Project Policy Brief [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://www.newamerica.net/files/nafmigration/NAF_CCT_Savings_April09_Final.pdf
Zimmerman, J. and Holmes, J. et al. with DeGiovanni, Frank , Jackelen, Henry, Sivakumaran, Subathirai, Sobhani, Sahba, McHale, Brandee, and Moury, Yves (2011) Savings-Linked Conditional Cash Transfers: Lessons, Challenges and Directions [website], New America Foundation, Washington, DC <http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf≯ [last accessed 23 January 2012]. http://gap.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/program_pages/attachments/SLCCTColloquiumReport.pdf
Boosting financial inclusion through social assistance reform: evidence-based approach in selecting a payment system
Hilman Palaon, Hilman Palaon
Sudarso Kaderi Wiryono, Sudarso Kaderi Wiryono
Taufik Faturohman, Taufik Faturohman
Enterprise Development & Microfinance, Vol. 31 (2020), Iss. 4 P.284
https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.20-00013 [Citations: 1]- Value chain financing: evidence from Zambia on smallholder access to finance for mechanization
- Developing agro-pastoral entrepreneurship: bundling blended finance and technology
- Building frontline market facilitators' capacity: the case of the ‘Integrating Very Poor Producers into Value Chains Field Guide’
- Boosting financial inclusion through social assistance reform: evidence-based approach in selecting a payment system
- Impact of COVID-19 on livestock exports from Somalia and the Horn of Africa
Browse our other journals
