Fertile grounds for mobile money: Towards a framework for analysing enabling environments
The potential of mobile phones to revolutionize access to financial services in developing countries is exemplified powerfully by the success of the M-Pesa mobile money service in Kenya. But the apparent difficulty of replicating M-Pesa's success even in neighbouring countries suggests that some contexts may be more receptive to such an innovation than others. In this paper we seek to understand the environmental dynamics affecting the uptake of mobile money. We demonstrate that, aside from strong strategy and good business models, the impact of financial services in developing countries is dependent on the potential for market penetration, and the socio-economic and political environments in which services take root.Camner, G. and Sjöblom, E. (2009) Can the Success of M-Pesa be Repeated? A Review of Implementations in Kenya and Tanzania. Valuable Bits note, July, http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf
FSD-Kenya (2007) Finaccess Kenya 2006: Results of a Financial Survey on Access to Financial Services in Kenya, FSD-Kenya, Nairobi.
FSD-Tanzania (2007) Key findings of the FinScope survey in Tanzania in 2006 [online], available from: http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf
GSMA (2011) ‘MMU Deployment Tracker’ [online], available from: www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money
Heyer, A. (2009) Factors Affecting Uptake of Mobile Money Services: M-Pesa in Kenya and Tanzania. Paper prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, unpublished, June.
Isaacs, L. (2008) IAMTN presentation, MMTA Conference, Johannesburg, May. Mas, I. (2008) M-Pesa vs. G-Cash: Accounting for their Relative Success, and Key Lessons for other Countries, unpublished, CGAP, Washington, DC.
Mas, I. (2009) ‘The economics of branchless banking’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Mas, I. and Morawczynski, O. (2009) ‘Designing mobile money services: Lessons from M-Pesa’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Morawczynski, O. (2009) Exploring the usage and impact of transformational m-banking: The case of M-Pesa in Kenya, Journal of East African Studies, 3(3).
Morawczynski, O. and Pickens, M. (2009) ‘Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services: Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-Pesa’ [online], CGAP Brief, available from: http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/ [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/
Pralahad, C.K. (2006) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Wharton School of Publishing, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Ratan, A.L. (2008) Using Technology to Deliver Financial Services to Low-Income Households: A Preliminary Study of Equity Bank and M-Pesa Customers in Kenya. Microsoft Research Technical Report, June.
Zafar, S. (2008) Mobile Money Transfers, Insight vol. 30, Edgar, Dunn & Company [online], available from: www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf
Camner, G. and Sjöblom, E. (2009) Can the Success of M-Pesa be Repeated? A Review of Implementations in Kenya and Tanzania. Valuable Bits note, July, http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf
FSD-Kenya (2007) Finaccess Kenya 2006: Results of a Financial Survey on Access to Financial Services in Kenya, FSD-Kenya, Nairobi.
FSD-Tanzania (2007) Key findings of the FinScope survey in Tanzania in 2006 [online], available from: http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf
GSMA (2011) ‘MMU Deployment Tracker’ [online], available from: www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money
Heyer, A. (2009) Factors Affecting Uptake of Mobile Money Services: M-Pesa in Kenya and Tanzania. Paper prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, unpublished, June.
Isaacs, L. (2008) IAMTN presentation, MMTA Conference, Johannesburg, May. Mas, I. (2008) M-Pesa vs. G-Cash: Accounting for their Relative Success, and Key Lessons for other Countries, unpublished, CGAP, Washington, DC.
Mas, I. (2009) ‘The economics of branchless banking’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Mas, I. and Morawczynski, O. (2009) ‘Designing mobile money services: Lessons from M-Pesa’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Morawczynski, O. (2009) Exploring the usage and impact of transformational m-banking: The case of M-Pesa in Kenya, Journal of East African Studies, 3(3).
Morawczynski, O. and Pickens, M. (2009) ‘Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services: Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-Pesa’ [online], CGAP Brief, available from: http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/ [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/
Pralahad, C.K. (2006) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Wharton School of Publishing, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Ratan, A.L. (2008) Using Technology to Deliver Financial Services to Low-Income Households: A Preliminary Study of Equity Bank and M-Pesa Customers in Kenya. Microsoft Research Technical Report, June.
Zafar, S. (2008) Mobile Money Transfers, Insight vol. 30, Edgar, Dunn & Company [online], available from: www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf
Camner, G. and Sjöblom, E. (2009) Can the Success of M-Pesa be Repeated? A Review of Implementations in Kenya and Tanzania. Valuable Bits note, July, http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf
FSD-Kenya (2007) Finaccess Kenya 2006: Results of a Financial Survey on Access to Financial Services in Kenya, FSD-Kenya, Nairobi.
FSD-Tanzania (2007) Key findings of the FinScope survey in Tanzania in 2006 [online], available from: http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf
GSMA (2011) ‘MMU Deployment Tracker’ [online], available from: www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money
Heyer, A. (2009) Factors Affecting Uptake of Mobile Money Services: M-Pesa in Kenya and Tanzania. Paper prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, unpublished, June.
Isaacs, L. (2008) IAMTN presentation, MMTA Conference, Johannesburg, May. Mas, I. (2008) M-Pesa vs. G-Cash: Accounting for their Relative Success, and Key Lessons for other Countries, unpublished, CGAP, Washington, DC.
Mas, I. (2009) ‘The economics of branchless banking’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Mas, I. and Morawczynski, O. (2009) ‘Designing mobile money services: Lessons from M-Pesa’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Morawczynski, O. (2009) Exploring the usage and impact of transformational m-banking: The case of M-Pesa in Kenya, Journal of East African Studies, 3(3).
Morawczynski, O. and Pickens, M. (2009) ‘Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services: Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-Pesa’ [online], CGAP Brief, available from: http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/ [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/
Pralahad, C.K. (2006) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Wharton School of Publishing, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Ratan, A.L. (2008) Using Technology to Deliver Financial Services to Low-Income Households: A Preliminary Study of Equity Bank and M-Pesa Customers in Kenya. Microsoft Research Technical Report, June.
Zafar, S. (2008) Mobile Money Transfers, Insight vol. 30, Edgar, Dunn & Company [online], available from: www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf
Camner, G. and Sjöblom, E. (2009) Can the Success of M-Pesa be Repeated? A Review of Implementations in Kenya and Tanzania. Valuable Bits note, July, http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf http://emil.sjoblom.com/pdf/M-Pesa_implementations_Ke_Tz.pdf
FSD-Kenya (2007) Finaccess Kenya 2006: Results of a Financial Survey on Access to Financial Services in Kenya, FSD-Kenya, Nairobi.
FSD-Tanzania (2007) Key findings of the FinScope survey in Tanzania in 2006 [online], available from: http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.finscope.co.za/documents/2009/Brochure_Tanzania06.pdf
GSMA (2011) ‘MMU Deployment Tracker’ [online], available from: www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.wirelessintelligence.com/mobile-money
Heyer, A. (2009) Factors Affecting Uptake of Mobile Money Services: M-Pesa in Kenya and Tanzania. Paper prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, unpublished, June.
Isaacs, L. (2008) IAMTN presentation, MMTA Conference, Johannesburg, May. Mas, I. (2008) M-Pesa vs. G-Cash: Accounting for their Relative Success, and Key Lessons for other Countries, unpublished, CGAP, Washington, DC.
Mas, I. (2009) ‘The economics of branchless banking’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Mas, I. and Morawczynski, O. (2009) ‘Designing mobile money services: Lessons from M-Pesa’, Innovations 4 (MIT Press, Boston, MA).
Morawczynski, O. (2009) Exploring the usage and impact of transformational m-banking: The case of M-Pesa in Kenya, Journal of East African Studies, 3(3).
Morawczynski, O. and Pickens, M. (2009) ‘Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services: Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-Pesa’ [online], CGAP Brief, available from: http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/ [accessed 24 January 2011]. http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.36723/
Pralahad, C.K. (2006) The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Wharton School of Publishing, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Ratan, A.L. (2008) Using Technology to Deliver Financial Services to Low-Income Households: A Preliminary Study of Equity Bank and M-Pesa Customers in Kenya. Microsoft Research Technical Report, June.
Zafar, S. (2008) Mobile Money Transfers, Insight vol. 30, Edgar, Dunn & Company [online], available from: www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf [accessed 24 January 2011]. www.edgardunn.com/uploads/100030_english/100318.pdf
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