Provision of basic services in the remote Hunza Valley of northern Pakistan continues to be a major challenge for the public sector. Poor governance, lack of technical and institutional capacities and an absence of financing mechanisms mean that such operations cannot be sustained by the public sector. This experience-based paper shows that, while the demand for services increased with improved socio-economic well-being in the valley, the supply-side gap has not been met by the public sector. Rather, people's needs in Gilgit-Baltistan have been addressed by a range of solutions including innovative merging of civil society and private sector approaches.This article narrates and evaluates three such cases from the Hunza Valley, namely: the Hunza Environmental Committee, the Hunza Power Utility Company and the Hyderabad Rural Support Organization's early childhood development services. These service providers have received support from multiple actors – local civil society organizations, agencies of the Aga Khan Development Network including the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, and in some cases government offices – but the services are ultimately sustained through private sector fee-for-service models. The path from ‘social mobilization’ to ‘social entrepreneurship’ has not been without challenges some of which persist till today, and this paper looks at the successes as well as the challenges.

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Karakoram Area Development Organization (2008), Annual Report, Hunza.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009b), Internal document, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2007), Five year development plan, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2009c), Education survey, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009a), Progress report, Hyderabad.

Pro Mujer (2005) ‘Delivering integrated services to the rural poor: Pro Mujer's Feria product in Peru, Pro Mujer product innovation note no. 1.

The Canadian Encyclopaedia, ‘United farmers of Ontario’, viewed July 6, 2010, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229

UNDP (2009) Human development index trends, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html, New York. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html

UNDP/UNCDF (2010) Service delivery to the rural poor, Emerging Regions Development Programme, No. April 30, 2010.

UNESCO (2010) Education for all global monitoring report, http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf, Paris. http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf

Village Organization Ahmedabad (2010), VO Ahmedabad Meeting, Ahmedabad.

Zaki, S. and Nural Amin, A. (2009) ‘Does basic services privatisation benefit the urban poor? Some Evidence from Water Supply Privatization in Thailand’ Urban Studies Journal vol. 48 no. 11.

Ghosh, A., Ahmad, S. and Maitra, S. (1995) ‘Basic services for the urban poor: A study of Baroda, Bhilwara, Sambalpur and Siliguri’ Urban Studies Series No. 3, Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi.

Karakoram Area Development Organization (2008), Annual Report, Hunza.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009b), Internal document, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2007), Five year development plan, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2009c), Education survey, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009a), Progress report, Hyderabad.

Pro Mujer (2005) ‘Delivering integrated services to the rural poor: Pro Mujer's Feria product in Peru, Pro Mujer product innovation note no. 1.

The Canadian Encyclopaedia, ‘United farmers of Ontario’, viewed July 6, 2010, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229

UNDP (2009) Human development index trends, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html, New York. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html

UNDP/UNCDF (2010) Service delivery to the rural poor, Emerging Regions Development Programme, No. April 30, 2010.

UNESCO (2010) Education for all global monitoring report, http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf, Paris. http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf

Village Organization Ahmedabad (2010), VO Ahmedabad Meeting, Ahmedabad.

Zaki, S. and Nural Amin, A. (2009) ‘Does basic services privatisation benefit the urban poor? Some Evidence from Water Supply Privatization in Thailand’ Urban Studies Journal vol. 48 no. 11.

Ghosh, A., Ahmad, S. and Maitra, S. (1995) ‘Basic services for the urban poor: A study of Baroda, Bhilwara, Sambalpur and Siliguri’ Urban Studies Series No. 3, Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi.

Karakoram Area Development Organization (2008), Annual Report, Hunza.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009b), Internal document, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2007), Five year development plan, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2009c), Education survey, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009a), Progress report, Hyderabad.

Pro Mujer (2005) ‘Delivering integrated services to the rural poor: Pro Mujer's Feria product in Peru, Pro Mujer product innovation note no. 1.

The Canadian Encyclopaedia, ‘United farmers of Ontario’, viewed July 6, 2010, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229

UNDP (2009) Human development index trends, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html, New York. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html

UNDP/UNCDF (2010) Service delivery to the rural poor, Emerging Regions Development Programme, No. April 30, 2010.

UNESCO (2010) Education for all global monitoring report, http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf, Paris. http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf

Village Organization Ahmedabad (2010), VO Ahmedabad Meeting, Ahmedabad.

Zaki, S. and Nural Amin, A. (2009) ‘Does basic services privatisation benefit the urban poor? Some Evidence from Water Supply Privatization in Thailand’ Urban Studies Journal vol. 48 no. 11.

Ghosh, A., Ahmad, S. and Maitra, S. (1995) ‘Basic services for the urban poor: A study of Baroda, Bhilwara, Sambalpur and Siliguri’ Urban Studies Series No. 3, Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi.

Karakoram Area Development Organization (2008), Annual Report, Hunza.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009b), Internal document, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2007), Five year development plan, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (2009c), Education survey, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Rural Support Organization (ca. 2009a), Progress report, Hyderabad.

Pro Mujer (2005) ‘Delivering integrated services to the rural poor: Pro Mujer's Feria product in Peru, Pro Mujer product innovation note no. 1.

The Canadian Encyclopaedia, ‘United farmers of Ontario’, viewed July 6, 2010, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008229

UNDP (2009) Human development index trends, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html, New York. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/74.html

UNDP/UNCDF (2010) Service delivery to the rural poor, Emerging Regions Development Programme, No. April 30, 2010.

UNESCO (2010) Education for all global monitoring report, http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf, Paris. http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/GMR/pdf/gmr2010/gmr2010-ch5.pdf

Village Organization Ahmedabad (2010), VO Ahmedabad Meeting, Ahmedabad.

Zaki, S. and Nural Amin, A. (2009) ‘Does basic services privatisation benefit the urban poor? Some Evidence from Water Supply Privatization in Thailand’ Urban Studies Journal vol. 48 no. 11.