Towards demand-driven services? The role of feedback mechanisms in agribusiness-based advisory services for smallholder farmers
Verena Bitzer, Anne Rappoldt, Laurens Van Veldhuizen, Remco Mur
Anderson, J.R. (2007) Agricultural Advisory Services: Background Paper for the World Development Report 2008, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bitzer, V. (2016) Incentives for Enhanced Performance of Agricultural Extension Systems, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Bright, D. and Seville, D. (2010) Think Big Go Small: Adapting Business Models to Incorporate Smallholders into Supply Chains, Oxfam Policy and Practice: Private Sector, 7(1), 21−40.
Chipeta, S., Christoplos, I. and Katz, E. (2008) Common Framework on Market-Oriented Agricultural Advisory Services, Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Neuchâtel Group.
Donovan, J., Stoian, D. and Ferris, S. (2017) ‘Editorial: Towards leaner and more effective value chain development’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(1−2): 1−5 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1ED>.
Estrella, M. and Gaventa, J. (1998) Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: A Literature Review, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
Feder, G., Birner, R. and Anderson, J.R. (2011) ‘The private sector’s role in agricultural extension systems: potential and limitation’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 1(1): 31−54 <https://doi.org/10.1108/20440831111131505>.
Feola, G. and Binder, C.R. (2010) ‘Towards an improved understanding of farmers’ behaviour: the integrative agent-centred (IAC) framework’, Ecological Economics 69(12): 2323−33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.023>.
Ferroni, M. and Zhou, Y. (2012) ‘Achievements and challenges of agricultural extension in India’, Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 4(3): 319−46 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910112460435>.
Glover, D. (2007) ‘Farmer participation in private sector agricultural extension’, IDS Bulletin 38(5): 61−73 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00409.x>.
Gomez, M., Mueller, B. and Wheeler, M.K. (2016) Private Sector Extension Activities Targeting Small Farmers in Developing Countries [pdf], MEAS Report January 2016 <https://meas.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MEAS-Report-2016-Private-Section-Extension-Activities-Small-Farmers-Gomez-Mueller-Wheeler.pdf> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Groves, L. (2015) Beneficiary Feedback in Evaluation, London: DFID.
IDH (2016) Service Delivery Models: Insights for Continuous Improvement and Farm Impact, Utrecht, the Netherlands: IDH.
Jacobs, A. (2010) Creating the missing feedback loop, IDS Bulletin 41(6): 56−64 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00182.x>.
Jones, M. and Kondylis, F. (2016) Feedback Matters: Evidence from Agricultural Services, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ragasa, C. and Niu, C. (2017) The State of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Provision in Malawi: Insights from Household and Community Surveys, IFPRI, Technical Report February 2017, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
Ringold, D., Holla, A., Koziol, M. and Srinivasan, S. (2012) Citizens and Service Delivery: Assessing the Use of Social Accountability Approaches in the Human Development Sectors, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Sewell, A.M., Hartnett, M.K., Gray, D.I., Blair, H.T., Kemp, P.D., Kenyon, P.R., Morris, S.T. and Wood, B.A. (2017) ‘Using educational theory and research to refine agricultural extension: affordances and barriers for farmers’ learning and practice change’, Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 23(4): 313−33 <https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2017.1314861>.
Sulaiman, V.R. and Hall, A. (2002) ‘Beyond technology dissemination: reinventing agricultural extension’, Outlook on Agriculture 31(4): 225−33 <https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294119>.
Swanson, B.E. and Rajalathi, R. (2010) Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transporting and Evaluating Extension Systems, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 45, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Van Veldhuizen, L.R., Rappoldt, A., Bitzer, V. and Mur, R. (2018) Understanding Agribusiness-based Advisory Services: Findings of a Learning Trajectory, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Wiggins, S., Kirsten, J. and Llaabi, L. (2010) ‘The future of small farms’, World Development 38(10): 1341−8 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.013>.
Wongtschowski, M., Belt, J., Heemskerk, W. and Kahan, D. (eds) (2013) The Business of Agricultural Business Services: Working with Smallholders in Africa, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute; Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Arnhem: Agri-ProFocus.
Wongtschowski, M., Bitzer, V., Hani, M. and Blum, M. (2016) New Directions for Inclusive Pluralistic Service Systems, Report of FAO Expert Consultation, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
World Vision, INTRAC, Social Impact Lab and CDA (2016) ‘Using beneficiary feedback to improve development programmes: findings from a multi-country pilot’ [online] <https://www.intrac.org/resources/using-beneficiary-feedback-improve-development-programmes-findings-multi-country-pilot/> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Zhou, Y. and Babu, S.C. (2015) ‘Introduction’, in Y. Zhou and S.C. Babu (eds.), Knowledge-Driven Development: Private Extension and Global Lessons, London: Academic Press.
Anderson, J.R. (2007) Agricultural Advisory Services: Background Paper for the World Development Report 2008, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bitzer, V. (2016) Incentives for Enhanced Performance of Agricultural Extension Systems, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Bright, D. and Seville, D. (2010) Think Big Go Small: Adapting Business Models to Incorporate Smallholders into Supply Chains, Oxfam Policy and Practice: Private Sector, 7(1), 21−40.
Chipeta, S., Christoplos, I. and Katz, E. (2008) Common Framework on Market-Oriented Agricultural Advisory Services, Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Neuchâtel Group.
Donovan, J., Stoian, D. and Ferris, S. (2017) ‘Editorial: Towards leaner and more effective value chain development’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(1−2): 1−5 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1ED>.
Estrella, M. and Gaventa, J. (1998) Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: A Literature Review, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
Feder, G., Birner, R. and Anderson, J.R. (2011) ‘The private sector’s role in agricultural extension systems: potential and limitation’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 1(1): 31−54 <https://doi.org/10.1108/20440831111131505>.
Feola, G. and Binder, C.R. (2010) ‘Towards an improved understanding of farmers’ behaviour: the integrative agent-centred (IAC) framework’, Ecological Economics 69(12): 2323−33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.023>.
Ferroni, M. and Zhou, Y. (2012) ‘Achievements and challenges of agricultural extension in India’, Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 4(3): 319−46 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910112460435>.
Glover, D. (2007) ‘Farmer participation in private sector agricultural extension’, IDS Bulletin 38(5): 61−73 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00409.x>.
Gomez, M., Mueller, B. and Wheeler, M.K. (2016) Private Sector Extension Activities Targeting Small Farmers in Developing Countries [pdf], MEAS Report January 2016 <https://meas.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MEAS-Report-2016-Private-Section-Extension-Activities-Small-Farmers-Gomez-Mueller-Wheeler.pdf> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Groves, L. (2015) Beneficiary Feedback in Evaluation, London: DFID.
IDH (2016) Service Delivery Models: Insights for Continuous Improvement and Farm Impact, Utrecht, the Netherlands: IDH.
Jacobs, A. (2010) Creating the missing feedback loop, IDS Bulletin 41(6): 56−64 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00182.x>.
Jones, M. and Kondylis, F. (2016) Feedback Matters: Evidence from Agricultural Services, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ragasa, C. and Niu, C. (2017) The State of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Provision in Malawi: Insights from Household and Community Surveys, IFPRI, Technical Report February 2017, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
Ringold, D., Holla, A., Koziol, M. and Srinivasan, S. (2012) Citizens and Service Delivery: Assessing the Use of Social Accountability Approaches in the Human Development Sectors, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Sewell, A.M., Hartnett, M.K., Gray, D.I., Blair, H.T., Kemp, P.D., Kenyon, P.R., Morris, S.T. and Wood, B.A. (2017) ‘Using educational theory and research to refine agricultural extension: affordances and barriers for farmers’ learning and practice change’, Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 23(4): 313−33 <https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2017.1314861>.
Sulaiman, V.R. and Hall, A. (2002) ‘Beyond technology dissemination: reinventing agricultural extension’, Outlook on Agriculture 31(4): 225−33 <https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294119>.
Swanson, B.E. and Rajalathi, R. (2010) Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transporting and Evaluating Extension Systems, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 45, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Van Veldhuizen, L.R., Rappoldt, A., Bitzer, V. and Mur, R. (2018) Understanding Agribusiness-based Advisory Services: Findings of a Learning Trajectory, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Wiggins, S., Kirsten, J. and Llaabi, L. (2010) ‘The future of small farms’, World Development 38(10): 1341−8 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.013>.
Wongtschowski, M., Belt, J., Heemskerk, W. and Kahan, D. (eds) (2013) The Business of Agricultural Business Services: Working with Smallholders in Africa, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute; Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Arnhem: Agri-ProFocus.
Wongtschowski, M., Bitzer, V., Hani, M. and Blum, M. (2016) New Directions for Inclusive Pluralistic Service Systems, Report of FAO Expert Consultation, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
World Vision, INTRAC, Social Impact Lab and CDA (2016) ‘Using beneficiary feedback to improve development programmes: findings from a multi-country pilot’ [online] <https://www.intrac.org/resources/using-beneficiary-feedback-improve-development-programmes-findings-multi-country-pilot/> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Zhou, Y. and Babu, S.C. (2015) ‘Introduction’, in Y. Zhou and S.C. Babu (eds.), Knowledge-Driven Development: Private Extension and Global Lessons, London: Academic Press.
Anderson, J.R. (2007) Agricultural Advisory Services: Background Paper for the World Development Report 2008, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bitzer, V. (2016) Incentives for Enhanced Performance of Agricultural Extension Systems, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Bright, D. and Seville, D. (2010) Think Big Go Small: Adapting Business Models to Incorporate Smallholders into Supply Chains, Oxfam Policy and Practice: Private Sector, 7(1), 21−40.
Chipeta, S., Christoplos, I. and Katz, E. (2008) Common Framework on Market-Oriented Agricultural Advisory Services, Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Neuchâtel Group.
Donovan, J., Stoian, D. and Ferris, S. (2017) ‘Editorial: Towards leaner and more effective value chain development’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(1−2): 1−5 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1ED>.
Estrella, M. and Gaventa, J. (1998) Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: A Literature Review, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
Feder, G., Birner, R. and Anderson, J.R. (2011) ‘The private sector’s role in agricultural extension systems: potential and limitation’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 1(1): 31−54 <https://doi.org/10.1108/20440831111131505>.
Feola, G. and Binder, C.R. (2010) ‘Towards an improved understanding of farmers’ behaviour: the integrative agent-centred (IAC) framework’, Ecological Economics 69(12): 2323−33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.023>.
Ferroni, M. and Zhou, Y. (2012) ‘Achievements and challenges of agricultural extension in India’, Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 4(3): 319−46 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910112460435>.
Glover, D. (2007) ‘Farmer participation in private sector agricultural extension’, IDS Bulletin 38(5): 61−73 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00409.x>.
Gomez, M., Mueller, B. and Wheeler, M.K. (2016) Private Sector Extension Activities Targeting Small Farmers in Developing Countries [pdf], MEAS Report January 2016 <https://meas.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MEAS-Report-2016-Private-Section-Extension-Activities-Small-Farmers-Gomez-Mueller-Wheeler.pdf> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Groves, L. (2015) Beneficiary Feedback in Evaluation, London: DFID.
IDH (2016) Service Delivery Models: Insights for Continuous Improvement and Farm Impact, Utrecht, the Netherlands: IDH.
Jacobs, A. (2010) Creating the missing feedback loop, IDS Bulletin 41(6): 56−64 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00182.x>.
Jones, M. and Kondylis, F. (2016) Feedback Matters: Evidence from Agricultural Services, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ragasa, C. and Niu, C. (2017) The State of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Provision in Malawi: Insights from Household and Community Surveys, IFPRI, Technical Report February 2017, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
Ringold, D., Holla, A., Koziol, M. and Srinivasan, S. (2012) Citizens and Service Delivery: Assessing the Use of Social Accountability Approaches in the Human Development Sectors, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Sewell, A.M., Hartnett, M.K., Gray, D.I., Blair, H.T., Kemp, P.D., Kenyon, P.R., Morris, S.T. and Wood, B.A. (2017) ‘Using educational theory and research to refine agricultural extension: affordances and barriers for farmers’ learning and practice change’, Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 23(4): 313−33 <https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2017.1314861>.
Sulaiman, V.R. and Hall, A. (2002) ‘Beyond technology dissemination: reinventing agricultural extension’, Outlook on Agriculture 31(4): 225−33 <https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294119>.
Swanson, B.E. and Rajalathi, R. (2010) Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transporting and Evaluating Extension Systems, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 45, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Van Veldhuizen, L.R., Rappoldt, A., Bitzer, V. and Mur, R. (2018) Understanding Agribusiness-based Advisory Services: Findings of a Learning Trajectory, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Wiggins, S., Kirsten, J. and Llaabi, L. (2010) ‘The future of small farms’, World Development 38(10): 1341−8 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.013>.
Wongtschowski, M., Belt, J., Heemskerk, W. and Kahan, D. (eds) (2013) The Business of Agricultural Business Services: Working with Smallholders in Africa, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute; Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Arnhem: Agri-ProFocus.
Wongtschowski, M., Bitzer, V., Hani, M. and Blum, M. (2016) New Directions for Inclusive Pluralistic Service Systems, Report of FAO Expert Consultation, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
World Vision, INTRAC, Social Impact Lab and CDA (2016) ‘Using beneficiary feedback to improve development programmes: findings from a multi-country pilot’ [online] <https://www.intrac.org/resources/using-beneficiary-feedback-improve-development-programmes-findings-multi-country-pilot/> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Zhou, Y. and Babu, S.C. (2015) ‘Introduction’, in Y. Zhou and S.C. Babu (eds.), Knowledge-Driven Development: Private Extension and Global Lessons, London: Academic Press.
Anderson, J.R. (2007) Agricultural Advisory Services: Background Paper for the World Development Report 2008, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bitzer, V. (2016) Incentives for Enhanced Performance of Agricultural Extension Systems, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Bright, D. and Seville, D. (2010) Think Big Go Small: Adapting Business Models to Incorporate Smallholders into Supply Chains, Oxfam Policy and Practice: Private Sector, 7(1), 21−40.
Chipeta, S., Christoplos, I. and Katz, E. (2008) Common Framework on Market-Oriented Agricultural Advisory Services, Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Neuchâtel Group.
Donovan, J., Stoian, D. and Ferris, S. (2017) ‘Editorial: Towards leaner and more effective value chain development’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(1−2): 1−5 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1ED>.
Estrella, M. and Gaventa, J. (1998) Who Counts Reality? Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: A Literature Review, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
Feder, G., Birner, R. and Anderson, J.R. (2011) ‘The private sector’s role in agricultural extension systems: potential and limitation’, Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 1(1): 31−54 <https://doi.org/10.1108/20440831111131505>.
Feola, G. and Binder, C.R. (2010) ‘Towards an improved understanding of farmers’ behaviour: the integrative agent-centred (IAC) framework’, Ecological Economics 69(12): 2323−33 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.023>.
Ferroni, M. and Zhou, Y. (2012) ‘Achievements and challenges of agricultural extension in India’, Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 4(3): 319−46 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910112460435>.
Glover, D. (2007) ‘Farmer participation in private sector agricultural extension’, IDS Bulletin 38(5): 61−73 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00409.x>.
Gomez, M., Mueller, B. and Wheeler, M.K. (2016) Private Sector Extension Activities Targeting Small Farmers in Developing Countries [pdf], MEAS Report January 2016 <https://meas.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MEAS-Report-2016-Private-Section-Extension-Activities-Small-Farmers-Gomez-Mueller-Wheeler.pdf> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Groves, L. (2015) Beneficiary Feedback in Evaluation, London: DFID.
IDH (2016) Service Delivery Models: Insights for Continuous Improvement and Farm Impact, Utrecht, the Netherlands: IDH.
Jacobs, A. (2010) Creating the missing feedback loop, IDS Bulletin 41(6): 56−64 <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2010.00182.x>.
Jones, M. and Kondylis, F. (2016) Feedback Matters: Evidence from Agricultural Services, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Ragasa, C. and Niu, C. (2017) The State of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Provision in Malawi: Insights from Household and Community Surveys, IFPRI, Technical Report February 2017, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
Ringold, D., Holla, A., Koziol, M. and Srinivasan, S. (2012) Citizens and Service Delivery: Assessing the Use of Social Accountability Approaches in the Human Development Sectors, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Sewell, A.M., Hartnett, M.K., Gray, D.I., Blair, H.T., Kemp, P.D., Kenyon, P.R., Morris, S.T. and Wood, B.A. (2017) ‘Using educational theory and research to refine agricultural extension: affordances and barriers for farmers’ learning and practice change’, Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 23(4): 313−33 <https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2017.1314861>.
Sulaiman, V.R. and Hall, A. (2002) ‘Beyond technology dissemination: reinventing agricultural extension’, Outlook on Agriculture 31(4): 225−33 <https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294119>.
Swanson, B.E. and Rajalathi, R. (2010) Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transporting and Evaluating Extension Systems, Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 45, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Van Veldhuizen, L.R., Rappoldt, A., Bitzer, V. and Mur, R. (2018) Understanding Agribusiness-based Advisory Services: Findings of a Learning Trajectory, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Wiggins, S., Kirsten, J. and Llaabi, L. (2010) ‘The future of small farms’, World Development 38(10): 1341−8 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.013>.
Wongtschowski, M., Belt, J., Heemskerk, W. and Kahan, D. (eds) (2013) The Business of Agricultural Business Services: Working with Smallholders in Africa, Amsterdam: KIT Royal Tropical Institute; Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Arnhem: Agri-ProFocus.
Wongtschowski, M., Bitzer, V., Hani, M. and Blum, M. (2016) New Directions for Inclusive Pluralistic Service Systems, Report of FAO Expert Consultation, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
World Vision, INTRAC, Social Impact Lab and CDA (2016) ‘Using beneficiary feedback to improve development programmes: findings from a multi-country pilot’ [online] <https://www.intrac.org/resources/using-beneficiary-feedback-improve-development-programmes-findings-multi-country-pilot/> [accessed 18 September 2018].
Zhou, Y. and Babu, S.C. (2015) ‘Introduction’, in Y. Zhou and S.C. Babu (eds.), Knowledge-Driven Development: Private Extension and Global Lessons, London: Academic Press.
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