MFIs as motivated agents or financial maximizers? Latin American evidence from female portfolio share
We show that there is no causal relation between the percentage of female borrowers in an MFI portfolio and MFI financial outcomes, by using two Latin American samples. Moreover, we present evidence that MFIs are motivated agents that increase their percentage of female borrowers in order to help a segment of the population that is largely neglected. We also show the important role of non-profit MFIs in this regard.Abdullah, S. and Quayes, S. (2016) ‘Do women borrowers augment financial performance of MFIs?’ Applied Economics 48(57): 5593–604 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1181831>.
Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) ‘Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations’, The Review of Economic Studies 58(2): 277–97 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297968>.
Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J. (2010) The Economics of Microfinance, 2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Goldberg, N., Karlan, D., Osei, R., Pariente, W., Shapiro, J., Thuysbaert, B. and Udry, C. (2015a) ‘A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for the very poor: evidence from six countries’, Science 348(6236): 1260799 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1260799>.
Banerjee, A., Karlan, D. and Zinman, J. (2015b) ‘Six randomized evaluations of microcredit: introduction and further steps’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 1–21 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140287>.
Barber, B. and Odean, T. (2001) ‘Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1): 261–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400>.
Besley, T. and Ghatak, M. (2005) ‘Competition and incentives with motivated agents’, American Economic Review 95(3): 616–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201413>.
Cardoso, R., Leite, R. and de Aquino, A. (2016) ‘A graph is worth a thousand words: how overconfidence and graphical disclosure of numerical information influence financial analysts accuracy on decision making’, PLOS ONE 11(8): e0160443 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160443>.
D’Espallier, B., Guérin, I. and Mersland, R. (2011) ‘Women and repayment in microfinance: a global analysis’, World Development 39(5): 758–72 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.10.008>.
Goetz, A. and Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.
Hermes, N., Lensink, R. and Meesters, A. (2011) ‘Outreach and efficiency of microfinance institutions’, World Development 39(6): 938–48 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.018>.
Hulme, D. and Mosley, P. (2005) Finance Against Poverty, 1st edn, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Hunt, J. and Kasynathan, N. (2001) ‘Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in gender relations in South Asia’, Gender & Development 9(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070127738>.
Karaivanov, A. (2018) ‘Non-grant microfinance, incentives and efficiency’, Applied Economics 50(23): 2509–24 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1400655>.
Karlan, D., Goldberg, D. and Copestake, J. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 20(3): 167–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2009.017>.
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: evidence using panel data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(1): 263–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Khandker, S. and Samad, H. (2014) ‘Dynamic effects of microcredit in Bangladesh’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6821: 1–50.
Leite, R. (2017) ‘Microfinance: methodological review and research agenda’, Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ 22(3): 54–63.
Leite, R., Mendes, L. and Sacramento, L. (2019) ‘To profit or not to profit? Assessing financial sustainability outcomes of microfinance institutions’, International Journal of Finance and Economics forthcoming: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1718>.
Mayoux, L. (2002) ‘Microfinance and women’s empowerment: rethinking best practice’, Development Bulletin 57: 76–80.
Mirandé, A. (1997) Hombres y Machos: Masculinity and Latino Culture, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rahman, A. (1999) Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Roodman, D. (2009) ‘How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata’, The Stata Journal 9(1): 86–136.
Rothwell, P. (2005) ‘External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply?’ The Lancet 365(9453): 82–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8>.
Schneider, B. (2009) ‘Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America’, Journal of Latin American Studies 41(3): 553–75 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X09990186>.
Sundström, A., Paxton, P., Wang, Y. and Lindberg, S. (2017) ‘Women’s political empowerment: a new global index, 1900–2012’, World Development 94: 321–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.016>.
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62: 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
Abdullah, S. and Quayes, S. (2016) ‘Do women borrowers augment financial performance of MFIs?’ Applied Economics 48(57): 5593–604 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1181831>.
Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) ‘Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations’, The Review of Economic Studies 58(2): 277–97 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297968>.
Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J. (2010) The Economics of Microfinance, 2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Goldberg, N., Karlan, D., Osei, R., Pariente, W., Shapiro, J., Thuysbaert, B. and Udry, C. (2015a) ‘A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for the very poor: evidence from six countries’, Science 348(6236): 1260799 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1260799>.
Banerjee, A., Karlan, D. and Zinman, J. (2015b) ‘Six randomized evaluations of microcredit: introduction and further steps’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 1–21 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140287>.
Barber, B. and Odean, T. (2001) ‘Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1): 261–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400>.
Besley, T. and Ghatak, M. (2005) ‘Competition and incentives with motivated agents’, American Economic Review 95(3): 616–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201413>.
Cardoso, R., Leite, R. and de Aquino, A. (2016) ‘A graph is worth a thousand words: how overconfidence and graphical disclosure of numerical information influence financial analysts accuracy on decision making’, PLOS ONE 11(8): e0160443 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160443>.
D’Espallier, B., Guérin, I. and Mersland, R. (2011) ‘Women and repayment in microfinance: a global analysis’, World Development 39(5): 758–72 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.10.008>.
Goetz, A. and Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.
Hermes, N., Lensink, R. and Meesters, A. (2011) ‘Outreach and efficiency of microfinance institutions’, World Development 39(6): 938–48 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.018>.
Hulme, D. and Mosley, P. (2005) Finance Against Poverty, 1st edn, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Hunt, J. and Kasynathan, N. (2001) ‘Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in gender relations in South Asia’, Gender & Development 9(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070127738>.
Karaivanov, A. (2018) ‘Non-grant microfinance, incentives and efficiency’, Applied Economics 50(23): 2509–24 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1400655>.
Karlan, D., Goldberg, D. and Copestake, J. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 20(3): 167–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2009.017>.
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: evidence using panel data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(1): 263–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Khandker, S. and Samad, H. (2014) ‘Dynamic effects of microcredit in Bangladesh’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6821: 1–50.
Leite, R. (2017) ‘Microfinance: methodological review and research agenda’, Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ 22(3): 54–63.
Leite, R., Mendes, L. and Sacramento, L. (2019) ‘To profit or not to profit? Assessing financial sustainability outcomes of microfinance institutions’, International Journal of Finance and Economics forthcoming: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1718>.
Mayoux, L. (2002) ‘Microfinance and women’s empowerment: rethinking best practice’, Development Bulletin 57: 76–80.
Mirandé, A. (1997) Hombres y Machos: Masculinity and Latino Culture, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rahman, A. (1999) Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Roodman, D. (2009) ‘How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata’, The Stata Journal 9(1): 86–136.
Rothwell, P. (2005) ‘External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply?’ The Lancet 365(9453): 82–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8>.
Schneider, B. (2009) ‘Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America’, Journal of Latin American Studies 41(3): 553–75 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X09990186>.
Sundström, A., Paxton, P., Wang, Y. and Lindberg, S. (2017) ‘Women’s political empowerment: a new global index, 1900–2012’, World Development 94: 321–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.016>.
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62: 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
Abdullah, S. and Quayes, S. (2016) ‘Do women borrowers augment financial performance of MFIs?’ Applied Economics 48(57): 5593–604 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1181831>.
Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) ‘Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations’, The Review of Economic Studies 58(2): 277–97 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297968>.
Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J. (2010) The Economics of Microfinance, 2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Goldberg, N., Karlan, D., Osei, R., Pariente, W., Shapiro, J., Thuysbaert, B. and Udry, C. (2015a) ‘A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for the very poor: evidence from six countries’, Science 348(6236): 1260799 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1260799>.
Banerjee, A., Karlan, D. and Zinman, J. (2015b) ‘Six randomized evaluations of microcredit: introduction and further steps’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 1–21 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140287>.
Barber, B. and Odean, T. (2001) ‘Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1): 261–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400>.
Besley, T. and Ghatak, M. (2005) ‘Competition and incentives with motivated agents’, American Economic Review 95(3): 616–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201413>.
Cardoso, R., Leite, R. and de Aquino, A. (2016) ‘A graph is worth a thousand words: how overconfidence and graphical disclosure of numerical information influence financial analysts accuracy on decision making’, PLOS ONE 11(8): e0160443 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160443>.
D’Espallier, B., Guérin, I. and Mersland, R. (2011) ‘Women and repayment in microfinance: a global analysis’, World Development 39(5): 758–72 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.10.008>.
Goetz, A. and Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.
Hermes, N., Lensink, R. and Meesters, A. (2011) ‘Outreach and efficiency of microfinance institutions’, World Development 39(6): 938–48 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.018>.
Hulme, D. and Mosley, P. (2005) Finance Against Poverty, 1st edn, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Hunt, J. and Kasynathan, N. (2001) ‘Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in gender relations in South Asia’, Gender & Development 9(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070127738>.
Karaivanov, A. (2018) ‘Non-grant microfinance, incentives and efficiency’, Applied Economics 50(23): 2509–24 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1400655>.
Karlan, D., Goldberg, D. and Copestake, J. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 20(3): 167–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2009.017>.
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: evidence using panel data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(1): 263–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Khandker, S. and Samad, H. (2014) ‘Dynamic effects of microcredit in Bangladesh’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6821: 1–50.
Leite, R. (2017) ‘Microfinance: methodological review and research agenda’, Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ 22(3): 54–63.
Leite, R., Mendes, L. and Sacramento, L. (2019) ‘To profit or not to profit? Assessing financial sustainability outcomes of microfinance institutions’, International Journal of Finance and Economics forthcoming: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1718>.
Mayoux, L. (2002) ‘Microfinance and women’s empowerment: rethinking best practice’, Development Bulletin 57: 76–80.
Mirandé, A. (1997) Hombres y Machos: Masculinity and Latino Culture, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rahman, A. (1999) Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Roodman, D. (2009) ‘How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata’, The Stata Journal 9(1): 86–136.
Rothwell, P. (2005) ‘External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply?’ The Lancet 365(9453): 82–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8>.
Schneider, B. (2009) ‘Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America’, Journal of Latin American Studies 41(3): 553–75 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X09990186>.
Sundström, A., Paxton, P., Wang, Y. and Lindberg, S. (2017) ‘Women’s political empowerment: a new global index, 1900–2012’, World Development 94: 321–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.016>.
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62: 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
Abdullah, S. and Quayes, S. (2016) ‘Do women borrowers augment financial performance of MFIs?’ Applied Economics 48(57): 5593–604 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1181831>.
Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) ‘Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations’, The Review of Economic Studies 58(2): 277–97 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297968>.
Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J. (2010) The Economics of Microfinance, 2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Goldberg, N., Karlan, D., Osei, R., Pariente, W., Shapiro, J., Thuysbaert, B. and Udry, C. (2015a) ‘A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for the very poor: evidence from six countries’, Science 348(6236): 1260799 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1260799>.
Banerjee, A., Karlan, D. and Zinman, J. (2015b) ‘Six randomized evaluations of microcredit: introduction and further steps’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 1–21 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140287>.
Barber, B. and Odean, T. (2001) ‘Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1): 261–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400>.
Besley, T. and Ghatak, M. (2005) ‘Competition and incentives with motivated agents’, American Economic Review 95(3): 616–36 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201413>.
Cardoso, R., Leite, R. and de Aquino, A. (2016) ‘A graph is worth a thousand words: how overconfidence and graphical disclosure of numerical information influence financial analysts accuracy on decision making’, PLOS ONE 11(8): e0160443 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160443>.
D’Espallier, B., Guérin, I. and Mersland, R. (2011) ‘Women and repayment in microfinance: a global analysis’, World Development 39(5): 758–72 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.10.008>.
Goetz, A. and Gupta, R. (1996) ‘Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural credit programs in Bangladesh’, World Development 24(1): 45–63 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U>.
Hermes, N., Lensink, R. and Meesters, A. (2011) ‘Outreach and efficiency of microfinance institutions’, World Development 39(6): 938–48 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.018>.
Hulme, D. and Mosley, P. (2005) Finance Against Poverty, 1st edn, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Hunt, J. and Kasynathan, N. (2001) ‘Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in gender relations in South Asia’, Gender & Development 9(1): 42–52 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070127738>.
Karaivanov, A. (2018) ‘Non-grant microfinance, incentives and efficiency’, Applied Economics 50(23): 2509–24 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1400655>.
Karlan, D., Goldberg, D. and Copestake, J. (2009) ‘Randomized control trials are the best way to measure impact of microfinance programmes and improve microfinance product designs’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 20(3): 167–76 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2009.017>.
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: evidence using panel data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(1): 263–86 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Khandker, S. and Samad, H. (2014) ‘Dynamic effects of microcredit in Bangladesh’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6821: 1–50.
Leite, R. (2017) ‘Microfinance: methodological review and research agenda’, Revista de Contabilidade do Mestrado em Ciências Contábeis da UERJ 22(3): 54–63.
Leite, R., Mendes, L. and Sacramento, L. (2019) ‘To profit or not to profit? Assessing financial sustainability outcomes of microfinance institutions’, International Journal of Finance and Economics forthcoming: 1–13 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1718>.
Mayoux, L. (2002) ‘Microfinance and women’s empowerment: rethinking best practice’, Development Bulletin 57: 76–80.
Mirandé, A. (1997) Hombres y Machos: Masculinity and Latino Culture, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Rahman, A. (1999) Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: An Anthropological Study of Grameen Bank Lending, 1st edn, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Roodman, D. (2009) ‘How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata’, The Stata Journal 9(1): 86–136.
Rothwell, P. (2005) ‘External validity of randomised controlled trials: to whom do the results of this trial apply?’ The Lancet 365(9453): 82–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8>.
Schneider, B. (2009) ‘Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America’, Journal of Latin American Studies 41(3): 553–75 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X09990186>.
Sundström, A., Paxton, P., Wang, Y. and Lindberg, S. (2017) ‘Women’s political empowerment: a new global index, 1900–2012’, World Development 94: 321–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.016>.
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62: 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
Analysis of default risk in microfinance institutions under the Basel III framework
Durango‐Gutiérrez, Maria Patricia
Lara‐Rubio, Juan
Navarro‐Galera, Andrés
International Journal of Finance & Economics, Vol. 28 (2023), Iss. 2 P.1261
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