The aim of the present study is to examine the impact of self-help group–bank linkage-led microfinance programmes on income generation, employment creation, and multidimensional poverty alleviation through financial inclusion in Baksa and Udalguri districts of Bodoland, Assam. The propensity score matching method is used to evaluate the impact of the programme on the mentioned outcome of 330 households including both participants and non-participants. Self-developed financial inclusion and multidimensional poverty indices are used as two outcome indicators for impact assessment. The study concludes that the microfinance programme has increased income, decreased multidimensional poverty, and led to financial inclusion.

Alkire, S. (2002) ‘Dimensions of human development’, World Development 30(2): 181–205.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2007) Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measures, OPHI Working Paper 7, Oxford: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2011) ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics 95(7–8): 476–87.

APMAS-NABARD (2009) ‘Quality and sustainability of SHGs in Assam’ [online], APMAS Hyderabad <http:/www.apmas.org> [accessed 12 February 2011].

Asselin, L.M. (2002) ‘Composite indicator of multidimensional poverty’, in ICECI, Asselin, L.M. and Anh, V.T. (2005) Multidimensional Poverty in Vietnam 1993–1998 According to CBMS Indicators, Vietnam Socio-Economic Development Review, Spring 2005, no. 41.

Atkinson, A. and Bourguignon, F. (1982) ‘The comparison of multidimensioned distributions of economic status’, Review of Economic Studies 49: 183–201.

Barnes, C. and Sebastan, J. (2000) ‘Guidelines for microfinance impact assessments’, Discussion Paper for the CGAP 3 Virtual Meeting, 18–19 October, Washington, DC: Management Systems International.

Caliendo, M. and Kopeinig, S. (2008) ‘Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching’, Journal of Economic Surveys 22(1): 31–72.

Deepika, M.G. and Sigi, M.D. (2014) ‘Financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: an alternative state-led microfinance model of Kudumbashree in Kerala, India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 25(4): 327–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2014.030>.

Duclos, J.-Y., Sahn, D. and Younger, S. (2001) ‘Robust multi-dimensional poverty comparisons’, Economic Journal 116(514): 943–68.

Gulli, H. and Berger, M. (1999) ‘Microfinance and poverty reduction: evidence from Latin America’, Small Enterprise Development 10(3): 16–28.

Heckman, J.J., Ichimura, H. and Todd, P. (1998) ‘Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator’, The Review of Economic Studies 65(2): 261–94.

Imai, K., Arun, T.A. and Samuel, K. (2010) Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from India Economics, Discussion Paper Series EDP-1008, Manchester: The University of Manchester.

Islam, M.N. (2012) ‘The microfinance guarantee for financial inclusion: evidence to support in India’, Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies 3(I): 129–32.

Khandker, S.R., Barnes, D.F. and Samad, H.A. (2010) ’Energy poverty in rural and urban India: are the energy poor also income poor?’ Washington, DC: World Bank.

Kolm, S.C. (1977) ‘Multidimensional egalitarianisms’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 91: 1–13.

Mahajan, R.K. and Bansal, D. (2011) ‘Microfinance in North West India’, in H.S. Shergill, S. Gill, and G. Singh (eds), Understanding North-West Indian Economy, 1st edn, pp. 258–86, New Delhi: Serials Publications Pvt.

Maity, S. and Sarania, R. (2017) ‘Does microfinance alleviate poverty and inequality? Studying self-help groups in Bodoland, Assam’, Development in Practice 27(7): 1006–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1355353>.

Marr, A. and Tubaro, P. (2011) ‘Wholesale funding to microfinance and social development goals in Peru, Tamil Nadu, and Tanzania’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 22(4): 304–21 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2011.033>.

Mehta, S.K., Mishra, H.G. and Singh, A. (2011) ‘Role of self-help groups in socio-economic change of vulnerable poor of Jammu Region’, in International Conference on Economics and Finance Research IPEDR, vol. 4, pp. 519–23, Singapore: IACSIT Press.

Nguyen, V.C. (2008) ‘Is a governmental micro-credit program for the poor really pro-poor? Evidence from Vietnam’, The Developing Economies XIVI(2): 151–87.

Panda, D.K. and Atibudhi, H. (2011) ‘A study on self-help group based microfinance impacting poor rural households’, IIMS Journal of Management Science 2(1): 35–45.

Phan (2012) An Empirical Analysis of Accessibility and Impact of Microcredit: The Rural Credit Market in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, dissertation, New Zealand: Lincoln University.

Pitt, M.M. and Khandker, S.R. (1998) ‘The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: does the gender of participants matter?’ Journal of Political Economy 106(5): 958–96.

Prathap, S.K. (2011) Financial Inclusion of Fisher Households in Coastal Kerala: Role of Microfinance, dissertation, Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Rangappa, K.B., Bai, R. and Sandesh, A.L. (2009) ‘Self-help groups and financial inclusion of rural households in dry land villages of Davangere District, Karnataka’, The Microfinance Review 171–82.

Ravallion, M. (1996) ‘Issues in measuring and modelling poverty’, The Economic Journal 106(438): 1328–43.

Rosenbaum, P.R. and Rubin, D.B. (1983) ‘The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects’, Biometrika 70(1): 41–55.

Sen, A. (1976) ‘Poverty: an ordinal approach to measurement’, Econometrica 44: 219–31.

Sen, A. (1993) ‘Capability and well-being’, in M.C. Nussbaum and A.K. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sinha, F. (2007) ‘SHGs in India: numbers yes, poverty outreach and employment, partially’, in T. Dichter and M. Harper (eds), What’s Wrong with Microfinance? pp. 73–82, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Smith, J. and Todd, P. (2005) ‘Does matching overcome LaLonde’s critique of non-experimental estimators?’, Journal of Econometrics 125(1–2): 305–53.

Townsend, P. (1993) The International Analysis of Poverty, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2010) Human Development Report 2010 [pdf] <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2019].

Weldeslassie, H.A. (2017) ‘Does microfinance help to reduce poverty in Ethiopia? Propensity score matching impact analysis’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(4): 255–83 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.HAW>.

World Bank (2001) World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Yaron, G., Gordon, R., Best, J. and Choudhary, S. (2018) ‘Microfinance for the marginalized: the impact of the Rojiroti approach in India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 29(1): 80–93 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.17-00011>.

Zewde, Z.N. and Tollens, E. (2008) ‘Microfinance impact evaluation at household level’, in D. Lazar and P. Palanichamy (eds), Microfinance and Poverty Eradication: Indian and Global Experiences, New Delhi: New Century Publications.

Alkire, S. (2002) ‘Dimensions of human development’, World Development 30(2): 181–205.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2007) Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measures, OPHI Working Paper 7, Oxford: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2011) ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics 95(7–8): 476–87.

APMAS-NABARD (2009) ‘Quality and sustainability of SHGs in Assam’ [online], APMAS Hyderabad <http:/www.apmas.org> [accessed 12 February 2011].

Asselin, L.M. (2002) ‘Composite indicator of multidimensional poverty’, in ICECI, Asselin, L.M. and Anh, V.T. (2005) Multidimensional Poverty in Vietnam 1993–1998 According to CBMS Indicators, Vietnam Socio-Economic Development Review, Spring 2005, no. 41.

Atkinson, A. and Bourguignon, F. (1982) ‘The comparison of multidimensioned distributions of economic status’, Review of Economic Studies 49: 183–201.

Barnes, C. and Sebastan, J. (2000) ‘Guidelines for microfinance impact assessments’, Discussion Paper for the CGAP 3 Virtual Meeting, 18–19 October, Washington, DC: Management Systems International.

Caliendo, M. and Kopeinig, S. (2008) ‘Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching’, Journal of Economic Surveys 22(1): 31–72.

Deepika, M.G. and Sigi, M.D. (2014) ‘Financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: an alternative state-led microfinance model of Kudumbashree in Kerala, India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 25(4): 327–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2014.030>.

Duclos, J.-Y., Sahn, D. and Younger, S. (2001) ‘Robust multi-dimensional poverty comparisons’, Economic Journal 116(514): 943–68.

Gulli, H. and Berger, M. (1999) ‘Microfinance and poverty reduction: evidence from Latin America’, Small Enterprise Development 10(3): 16–28.

Heckman, J.J., Ichimura, H. and Todd, P. (1998) ‘Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator’, The Review of Economic Studies 65(2): 261–94.

Imai, K., Arun, T.A. and Samuel, K. (2010) Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from India Economics, Discussion Paper Series EDP-1008, Manchester: The University of Manchester.

Islam, M.N. (2012) ‘The microfinance guarantee for financial inclusion: evidence to support in India’, Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies 3(I): 129–32.

Khandker, S.R., Barnes, D.F. and Samad, H.A. (2010) ’Energy poverty in rural and urban India: are the energy poor also income poor?’ Washington, DC: World Bank.

Kolm, S.C. (1977) ‘Multidimensional egalitarianisms’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 91: 1–13.

Mahajan, R.K. and Bansal, D. (2011) ‘Microfinance in North West India’, in H.S. Shergill, S. Gill, and G. Singh (eds), Understanding North-West Indian Economy, 1st edn, pp. 258–86, New Delhi: Serials Publications Pvt.

Maity, S. and Sarania, R. (2017) ‘Does microfinance alleviate poverty and inequality? Studying self-help groups in Bodoland, Assam’, Development in Practice 27(7): 1006–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1355353>.

Marr, A. and Tubaro, P. (2011) ‘Wholesale funding to microfinance and social development goals in Peru, Tamil Nadu, and Tanzania’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 22(4): 304–21 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2011.033>.

Mehta, S.K., Mishra, H.G. and Singh, A. (2011) ‘Role of self-help groups in socio-economic change of vulnerable poor of Jammu Region’, in International Conference on Economics and Finance Research IPEDR, vol. 4, pp. 519–23, Singapore: IACSIT Press.

Nguyen, V.C. (2008) ‘Is a governmental micro-credit program for the poor really pro-poor? Evidence from Vietnam’, The Developing Economies XIVI(2): 151–87.

Panda, D.K. and Atibudhi, H. (2011) ‘A study on self-help group based microfinance impacting poor rural households’, IIMS Journal of Management Science 2(1): 35–45.

Phan (2012) An Empirical Analysis of Accessibility and Impact of Microcredit: The Rural Credit Market in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, dissertation, New Zealand: Lincoln University.

Pitt, M.M. and Khandker, S.R. (1998) ‘The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: does the gender of participants matter?’ Journal of Political Economy 106(5): 958–96.

Prathap, S.K. (2011) Financial Inclusion of Fisher Households in Coastal Kerala: Role of Microfinance, dissertation, Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Rangappa, K.B., Bai, R. and Sandesh, A.L. (2009) ‘Self-help groups and financial inclusion of rural households in dry land villages of Davangere District, Karnataka’, The Microfinance Review 171–82.

Ravallion, M. (1996) ‘Issues in measuring and modelling poverty’, The Economic Journal 106(438): 1328–43.

Rosenbaum, P.R. and Rubin, D.B. (1983) ‘The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects’, Biometrika 70(1): 41–55.

Sen, A. (1976) ‘Poverty: an ordinal approach to measurement’, Econometrica 44: 219–31.

Sen, A. (1993) ‘Capability and well-being’, in M.C. Nussbaum and A.K. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sinha, F. (2007) ‘SHGs in India: numbers yes, poverty outreach and employment, partially’, in T. Dichter and M. Harper (eds), What’s Wrong with Microfinance? pp. 73–82, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Smith, J. and Todd, P. (2005) ‘Does matching overcome LaLonde’s critique of non-experimental estimators?’, Journal of Econometrics 125(1–2): 305–53.

Townsend, P. (1993) The International Analysis of Poverty, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2010) Human Development Report 2010 [pdf] <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2019].

Weldeslassie, H.A. (2017) ‘Does microfinance help to reduce poverty in Ethiopia? Propensity score matching impact analysis’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(4): 255–83 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.HAW>.

World Bank (2001) World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Yaron, G., Gordon, R., Best, J. and Choudhary, S. (2018) ‘Microfinance for the marginalized: the impact of the Rojiroti approach in India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 29(1): 80–93 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.17-00011>.

Zewde, Z.N. and Tollens, E. (2008) ‘Microfinance impact evaluation at household level’, in D. Lazar and P. Palanichamy (eds), Microfinance and Poverty Eradication: Indian and Global Experiences, New Delhi: New Century Publications.

Alkire, S. (2002) ‘Dimensions of human development’, World Development 30(2): 181–205.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2007) Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measures, OPHI Working Paper 7, Oxford: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2011) ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics 95(7–8): 476–87.

APMAS-NABARD (2009) ‘Quality and sustainability of SHGs in Assam’ [online], APMAS Hyderabad <http:/www.apmas.org> [accessed 12 February 2011].

Asselin, L.M. (2002) ‘Composite indicator of multidimensional poverty’, in ICECI, Asselin, L.M. and Anh, V.T. (2005) Multidimensional Poverty in Vietnam 1993–1998 According to CBMS Indicators, Vietnam Socio-Economic Development Review, Spring 2005, no. 41.

Atkinson, A. and Bourguignon, F. (1982) ‘The comparison of multidimensioned distributions of economic status’, Review of Economic Studies 49: 183–201.

Barnes, C. and Sebastan, J. (2000) ‘Guidelines for microfinance impact assessments’, Discussion Paper for the CGAP 3 Virtual Meeting, 18–19 October, Washington, DC: Management Systems International.

Caliendo, M. and Kopeinig, S. (2008) ‘Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching’, Journal of Economic Surveys 22(1): 31–72.

Deepika, M.G. and Sigi, M.D. (2014) ‘Financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: an alternative state-led microfinance model of Kudumbashree in Kerala, India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 25(4): 327–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2014.030>.

Duclos, J.-Y., Sahn, D. and Younger, S. (2001) ‘Robust multi-dimensional poverty comparisons’, Economic Journal 116(514): 943–68.

Gulli, H. and Berger, M. (1999) ‘Microfinance and poverty reduction: evidence from Latin America’, Small Enterprise Development 10(3): 16–28.

Heckman, J.J., Ichimura, H. and Todd, P. (1998) ‘Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator’, The Review of Economic Studies 65(2): 261–94.

Imai, K., Arun, T.A. and Samuel, K. (2010) Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from India Economics, Discussion Paper Series EDP-1008, Manchester: The University of Manchester.

Islam, M.N. (2012) ‘The microfinance guarantee for financial inclusion: evidence to support in India’, Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies 3(I): 129–32.

Khandker, S.R., Barnes, D.F. and Samad, H.A. (2010) ’Energy poverty in rural and urban India: are the energy poor also income poor?’ Washington, DC: World Bank.

Kolm, S.C. (1977) ‘Multidimensional egalitarianisms’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 91: 1–13.

Mahajan, R.K. and Bansal, D. (2011) ‘Microfinance in North West India’, in H.S. Shergill, S. Gill, and G. Singh (eds), Understanding North-West Indian Economy, 1st edn, pp. 258–86, New Delhi: Serials Publications Pvt.

Maity, S. and Sarania, R. (2017) ‘Does microfinance alleviate poverty and inequality? Studying self-help groups in Bodoland, Assam’, Development in Practice 27(7): 1006–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1355353>.

Marr, A. and Tubaro, P. (2011) ‘Wholesale funding to microfinance and social development goals in Peru, Tamil Nadu, and Tanzania’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 22(4): 304–21 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2011.033>.

Mehta, S.K., Mishra, H.G. and Singh, A. (2011) ‘Role of self-help groups in socio-economic change of vulnerable poor of Jammu Region’, in International Conference on Economics and Finance Research IPEDR, vol. 4, pp. 519–23, Singapore: IACSIT Press.

Nguyen, V.C. (2008) ‘Is a governmental micro-credit program for the poor really pro-poor? Evidence from Vietnam’, The Developing Economies XIVI(2): 151–87.

Panda, D.K. and Atibudhi, H. (2011) ‘A study on self-help group based microfinance impacting poor rural households’, IIMS Journal of Management Science 2(1): 35–45.

Phan (2012) An Empirical Analysis of Accessibility and Impact of Microcredit: The Rural Credit Market in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, dissertation, New Zealand: Lincoln University.

Pitt, M.M. and Khandker, S.R. (1998) ‘The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: does the gender of participants matter?’ Journal of Political Economy 106(5): 958–96.

Prathap, S.K. (2011) Financial Inclusion of Fisher Households in Coastal Kerala: Role of Microfinance, dissertation, Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Rangappa, K.B., Bai, R. and Sandesh, A.L. (2009) ‘Self-help groups and financial inclusion of rural households in dry land villages of Davangere District, Karnataka’, The Microfinance Review 171–82.

Ravallion, M. (1996) ‘Issues in measuring and modelling poverty’, The Economic Journal 106(438): 1328–43.

Rosenbaum, P.R. and Rubin, D.B. (1983) ‘The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects’, Biometrika 70(1): 41–55.

Sen, A. (1976) ‘Poverty: an ordinal approach to measurement’, Econometrica 44: 219–31.

Sen, A. (1993) ‘Capability and well-being’, in M.C. Nussbaum and A.K. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sinha, F. (2007) ‘SHGs in India: numbers yes, poverty outreach and employment, partially’, in T. Dichter and M. Harper (eds), What’s Wrong with Microfinance? pp. 73–82, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Smith, J. and Todd, P. (2005) ‘Does matching overcome LaLonde’s critique of non-experimental estimators?’, Journal of Econometrics 125(1–2): 305–53.

Townsend, P. (1993) The International Analysis of Poverty, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2010) Human Development Report 2010 [pdf] <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2019].

Weldeslassie, H.A. (2017) ‘Does microfinance help to reduce poverty in Ethiopia? Propensity score matching impact analysis’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(4): 255–83 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.HAW>.

World Bank (2001) World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Yaron, G., Gordon, R., Best, J. and Choudhary, S. (2018) ‘Microfinance for the marginalized: the impact of the Rojiroti approach in India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 29(1): 80–93 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.17-00011>.

Zewde, Z.N. and Tollens, E. (2008) ‘Microfinance impact evaluation at household level’, in D. Lazar and P. Palanichamy (eds), Microfinance and Poverty Eradication: Indian and Global Experiences, New Delhi: New Century Publications.

Alkire, S. (2002) ‘Dimensions of human development’, World Development 30(2): 181–205.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2007) Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measures, OPHI Working Paper 7, Oxford: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.

Alkire, S. and Foster, J.E. (2011) ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics 95(7–8): 476–87.

APMAS-NABARD (2009) ‘Quality and sustainability of SHGs in Assam’ [online], APMAS Hyderabad <http:/www.apmas.org> [accessed 12 February 2011].

Asselin, L.M. (2002) ‘Composite indicator of multidimensional poverty’, in ICECI, Asselin, L.M. and Anh, V.T. (2005) Multidimensional Poverty in Vietnam 1993–1998 According to CBMS Indicators, Vietnam Socio-Economic Development Review, Spring 2005, no. 41.

Atkinson, A. and Bourguignon, F. (1982) ‘The comparison of multidimensioned distributions of economic status’, Review of Economic Studies 49: 183–201.

Barnes, C. and Sebastan, J. (2000) ‘Guidelines for microfinance impact assessments’, Discussion Paper for the CGAP 3 Virtual Meeting, 18–19 October, Washington, DC: Management Systems International.

Caliendo, M. and Kopeinig, S. (2008) ‘Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching’, Journal of Economic Surveys 22(1): 31–72.

Deepika, M.G. and Sigi, M.D. (2014) ‘Financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: an alternative state-led microfinance model of Kudumbashree in Kerala, India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 25(4): 327–34 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2014.030>.

Duclos, J.-Y., Sahn, D. and Younger, S. (2001) ‘Robust multi-dimensional poverty comparisons’, Economic Journal 116(514): 943–68.

Gulli, H. and Berger, M. (1999) ‘Microfinance and poverty reduction: evidence from Latin America’, Small Enterprise Development 10(3): 16–28.

Heckman, J.J., Ichimura, H. and Todd, P. (1998) ‘Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator’, The Review of Economic Studies 65(2): 261–94.

Imai, K., Arun, T.A. and Samuel, K. (2010) Microfinance and Household Poverty Reduction: New Evidence from India Economics, Discussion Paper Series EDP-1008, Manchester: The University of Manchester.

Islam, M.N. (2012) ‘The microfinance guarantee for financial inclusion: evidence to support in India’, Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies 3(I): 129–32.

Khandker, S.R., Barnes, D.F. and Samad, H.A. (2010) ’Energy poverty in rural and urban India: are the energy poor also income poor?’ Washington, DC: World Bank.

Kolm, S.C. (1977) ‘Multidimensional egalitarianisms’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 91: 1–13.

Mahajan, R.K. and Bansal, D. (2011) ‘Microfinance in North West India’, in H.S. Shergill, S. Gill, and G. Singh (eds), Understanding North-West Indian Economy, 1st edn, pp. 258–86, New Delhi: Serials Publications Pvt.

Maity, S. and Sarania, R. (2017) ‘Does microfinance alleviate poverty and inequality? Studying self-help groups in Bodoland, Assam’, Development in Practice 27(7): 1006–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1355353>.

Marr, A. and Tubaro, P. (2011) ‘Wholesale funding to microfinance and social development goals in Peru, Tamil Nadu, and Tanzania’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 22(4): 304–21 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2011.033>.

Mehta, S.K., Mishra, H.G. and Singh, A. (2011) ‘Role of self-help groups in socio-economic change of vulnerable poor of Jammu Region’, in International Conference on Economics and Finance Research IPEDR, vol. 4, pp. 519–23, Singapore: IACSIT Press.

Nguyen, V.C. (2008) ‘Is a governmental micro-credit program for the poor really pro-poor? Evidence from Vietnam’, The Developing Economies XIVI(2): 151–87.

Panda, D.K. and Atibudhi, H. (2011) ‘A study on self-help group based microfinance impacting poor rural households’, IIMS Journal of Management Science 2(1): 35–45.

Phan (2012) An Empirical Analysis of Accessibility and Impact of Microcredit: The Rural Credit Market in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, dissertation, New Zealand: Lincoln University.

Pitt, M.M. and Khandker, S.R. (1998) ‘The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: does the gender of participants matter?’ Journal of Political Economy 106(5): 958–96.

Prathap, S.K. (2011) Financial Inclusion of Fisher Households in Coastal Kerala: Role of Microfinance, dissertation, Cochin University of Science and Technology.

Rangappa, K.B., Bai, R. and Sandesh, A.L. (2009) ‘Self-help groups and financial inclusion of rural households in dry land villages of Davangere District, Karnataka’, The Microfinance Review 171–82.

Ravallion, M. (1996) ‘Issues in measuring and modelling poverty’, The Economic Journal 106(438): 1328–43.

Rosenbaum, P.R. and Rubin, D.B. (1983) ‘The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects’, Biometrika 70(1): 41–55.

Sen, A. (1976) ‘Poverty: an ordinal approach to measurement’, Econometrica 44: 219–31.

Sen, A. (1993) ‘Capability and well-being’, in M.C. Nussbaum and A.K. Sen (eds.), The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Sinha, F. (2007) ‘SHGs in India: numbers yes, poverty outreach and employment, partially’, in T. Dichter and M. Harper (eds), What’s Wrong with Microfinance? pp. 73–82, Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

Smith, J. and Todd, P. (2005) ‘Does matching overcome LaLonde’s critique of non-experimental estimators?’, Journal of Econometrics 125(1–2): 305–53.

Townsend, P. (1993) The International Analysis of Poverty, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2010) Human Development Report 2010 [pdf] <http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2019].

Weldeslassie, H.A. (2017) ‘Does microfinance help to reduce poverty in Ethiopia? Propensity score matching impact analysis’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 28(4): 255–83 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.HAW>.

World Bank (2001) World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank.

Yaron, G., Gordon, R., Best, J. and Choudhary, S. (2018) ‘Microfinance for the marginalized: the impact of the Rojiroti approach in India’, Enterprise Development and Microfinance 29(1): 80–93 <https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.17-00011>.

Zewde, Z.N. and Tollens, E. (2008) ‘Microfinance impact evaluation at household level’, in D. Lazar and P. Palanichamy (eds), Microfinance and Poverty Eradication: Indian and Global Experiences, New Delhi: New Century Publications.