Given growing concerns regarding the chocolate sector’s long-term future, more private-sector, public-sector, and civil-society stakeholders have become involved in initiatives seeking to make cocoa more ‘sustainable’. However, the commercial, socio-economic, and environmental priorities they associate with the omnipresent, yet polysemic term diverge considerably: while transforming the crop into a more viable livelihood for growers is essential for some, others prioritize the crop’s links to global environmental challenges through agroforestry. A third dimension encompasses commercial concerns related to securing supply. The article explores how tensions and synergies manifest in these divergent understandings of what cocoa sustainability is and is to entail, which diverse civil-society, public-sector, and private-sector stakeholders bring to the table. It argues that priorities associated with ‘cocoa sustainability’ diverge, yielding synergies, tensions, and trade-offs. This article draws on the author’s in-depth doctoral fieldwork in cocoa sustainability initiatives incorporating environmental measures, which encompassed semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions, documentary analysis, and participant observation in Latin America and Europe. It proposes the ‘constellations of priorities’ model as an instrument to capture how the priorities driving cocoa stakeholders variously dovetail, intersect, and collide. Particularly against the backdrop of the sector’s brewing crisis, the paper suggests that stakeholders systematically assess their and other actors’ socio-economic, environmental, and commercial priorities as part of the equitable engagement required to transform the sector and attain genuine cocoa sustainability.

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Barrientos, S. (2014) ‘Gendered global production networks: analysis of cocoa–chocolate sourcing’, Regional Studies 48(5): 791–803 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.878799>.

Barrientos, S. and Asenso-Okyere, K. (2009) ‘Cocoa value chain: challenges facing Ghana in a changing global confectionery market’, Journal für Entwicklungspolitik XXV 2-2009: 88–107.

Bitzer, V., Glasbergen, P. and Leroy, P. (2012) ‘Partnerships of a feather flock together? An analysis of the emergence of networks of partnerships in the global cocoa sector’, Global Networks 12(3): 355–74.

Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M. and Robson, K. (2001) Focus Groups in Social Research, London: Sage.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2010) ‘Integrating poverty and environmental concerns into value-chain analysis: a conceptual framework’, Development Policy Review 28(2): 173–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00480.x>.

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Doherty, B., Davies, I.A. and Tranchell, S. (2013) ‘Where now for fair trade?’ Business History 55(2): 161–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.692083>.

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Franzen, M. and Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2007) ‘Ecological, economic and social perspectives on cocoa production worldwide’, Biodiversity Conservation 16: 3835–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9183-5>.

Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research) (2007) Uso de especies maderables tropicales latifoliadas como sombre del cacao (Use of tropical broad-leaf timber species as shade trees for cocoa), Hoja técnica, Mayo 2007, La Lima, Cortés, Honduras: FHIA.

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. and Sturgeon, T. (2005) ‘The governance of global value chains’, Review of International Political Economy 12(1): 78–104 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805>.

Glin, L.C., Oosterveer, P. and Mol, A.P.J. (2015) ‘Governing the organic cocoa network from Ghana: towards hybrid governance arrangements?’ Journal of Agrarian Change 15(1): 43–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12059>.

Green, M. and Hulme, D. (2005) ‘From correlates and characteristics to causes: thinking about poverty from a chronic poverty perspective’, World Development 33(6): 867–79 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.013>.

Haggar, J. (2013) Supporting Ecosystem Services in Fairtrade Value Chains [pdf], NRI Working Paper Series, London: Twin Trading; Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute <www.nri.org/images/Programmes/climate_change/publications/Jeremy_Haggar_Report_Print_web.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

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Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N.M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2002) ‘Global production networks and the analysis of economic development’, Review of International Political Economy 9(3): 436–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290210150842>.

Hess, M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2006) ‘Whither global production networks in economic geography? Past, present and future’, Environment and Planning A 38(7): 1193–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38463>.

Hickey, S. and Bracking, S. (2005) ‘Exploring the politics of chronic poverty: from representation to a politics of justice?’ World Development 33(6): 851–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.012>.

Hoffmann, U. and Grothaus, F. (2015) Assuring Coherence between the Market-Access and Livelihood Impact of Private Sustainability Standards [pdf], UNFSS Discussion Paper 6 <https://unfss.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/unfss-discussion-paper-6-final-28may-2015.pdf> [accessed 11 January 2017].

Hughes, A. (2001) ‘Global commodity networks, ethical trade and governmentality: organizing business responsibility in the Kenyan cut flower industry’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26(4): 390–406 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00031>.

Hütz-Adams, F. and Fountain, A.C. (2012) Cocoa Barometer 2012 [pdf] <www.suedwind-institut.de/fileadmin/fuerSuedwind/Publikationen/2012/2012-44_Cocoa_Barometer_2012_Druckfreundlich.pdf> [accessed 23 January 2013].

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Iller Chocolate (2013) Klimaneutralität [Climate neutrality; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Applied Social Research Methods Series 15, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, Brighton, UK: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.

KPMG (2013) Improving Smallholder Livelihoods: Effectiveness of Certification in Coffee, Cocoa and Cotton [pdf] <http://www.sustaineo.org/tl_files/Sustaineo/Improving%20smallholder%20livelihoods%20-%20Effectiveness%20of%20certification%20in%20coffee,cocoa%20and%20cotton_study%20commissioned%20by%20SUSTAINEO.pdf> [accessed 22 May 2015].

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Laws, S., with Harper, C. and Marcus, R. (2003) Research for Development: A Practical Guide, London: Sage.

Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View, 2nd edition, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mason, C, and Doherty, B. (2015) ‘A fair trade-off? Paradoxes in the governance of fair-trade social enterprises’, Journal of Business Ethics 136(3): 451–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2511-2>.

Mikkelsen, B. (2005) Methods for Development Work and Research: A New Guide for Practitioners, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Morgan, D.L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Nelson, V. (2014) ‘Guest editorial: fairtrade impacts’, Food Chain 4(1): 3–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.001>.

Nieburg, O. (2012) ‘Hershey stuns critics with commitment to source 100% certified cocoa by 2020’ [online], Confectionery News <www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Hershey-stuns-critics-with-commitment-to-source-100-certified-cocoa-by-2020> [accessed 14 April 2013].

Ofori-Boateng, K. and Insah, B. (2014) ‘The impact of climate change on cocoa production in West Africa’, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6(3): 296–314 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2013-0007>.

O’Laughlin, B. (2007) ‘Interpreting institutional discourses’, in A. Thomas and G. Mohan (eds), Research Skills for Policy and Development: How to Find Out Fast, pp. 135–56, London: The Open University.

Pay, E. (2009) The Market for Organic and Fair-Trade Cocoa [pdf], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/organicexports/docs/Market_Organic_FT_Cocoa.pdf> [accessed 06 August 2012].

Peters-Stanley, M. and Hamilton, K. (2012) Developing Dimension: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2012 [pdf], Washington, DC: Forest Trends <www.forest-trends.org/publication_details.php?publicationID=3164> [accessed 05 August 2012].

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Planet Concern (2013b) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014a) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014b) Project C – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014c) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 18 January 2015].

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Raynolds, L.T. (2009) ‘Mainstreaming fair trade coffee: from partnership to traceability’, World Development 37(6): 1083–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.10.001>.

Renard, M.C. (2003) ‘Fair trade: quality, market and conventions’, Journal of Rural Studies 19: 87–96 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00051-7>.

Somarriba, E., Suárez-Islas, A., Calero-Borge, W., Villota, A., Castillo, C., Vílchez, S., Deheuvels, O. and Cerda, R. (2014) ‘Cocoa-timber agroforestry systems: Theobroma cacao-Cordia alliodora in Central America’, Agroforestry Systems 88: 1001–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9692-7>.

Spradley, J.P. (1980) Participant Observation, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Tampe, M. (2016) ‘Leveraging the vertical: the contested dynamics of sustainability standards and labour in global production networks’, British Journal of Industrial Relations <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12204>.

Thornton, P. (2010) Cocoa Production 2020 [presentation], London: Armajaro Group.

Tree kids (2013) FAQ – Schokolade [FAQ – Chocolate; html] [accessed 25 February 2013].

Tscharntke, T., Milder, J.C., Schroth, G., Clough, Y., DeClerck, F., Waldron, A., Rice, R. and Ghazoul, J. (2015) ‘Conserving biodiversity through certification of tropical agroforestry crops at local and landscape scales’, Conservation Letters 8(1): 14–23 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12110>.

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Barrientos, S. (2002) ‘Mapping codes through the value chain: from researcher to detective’, in R. Jenkins, R. Pearson and G. Seyfang (eds), Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights. Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy, pp. 61–76, London: Earthscan.

Barrientos, S. (2014) ‘Gendered global production networks: analysis of cocoa–chocolate sourcing’, Regional Studies 48(5): 791–803 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.878799>.

Barrientos, S. and Asenso-Okyere, K. (2009) ‘Cocoa value chain: challenges facing Ghana in a changing global confectionery market’, Journal für Entwicklungspolitik XXV 2-2009: 88–107.

Bitzer, V., Glasbergen, P. and Leroy, P. (2012) ‘Partnerships of a feather flock together? An analysis of the emergence of networks of partnerships in the global cocoa sector’, Global Networks 12(3): 355–74.

Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M. and Robson, K. (2001) Focus Groups in Social Research, London: Sage.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2010) ‘Integrating poverty and environmental concerns into value-chain analysis: a conceptual framework’, Development Policy Review 28(2): 173–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00480.x>.

Candy Industry (2010) ‘What now, Candy World?’ [online] <www.candyindustry.com/articles/83756-what-now-candy-world> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Candy Industry (2017) ‘2017 Global Top 100: Part 1 | Candy Industry’ [online] <www.candyindustry.com/2017-Global-Top-100-Part-1> [accessed 5 February 2017].

Cidell, J.L. and Alberts, H.C. (2006) ‘Constructing quality: the multinational histories of chocolate’, Geoforum 37: 999–1007 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.02.006>.

Doherty, B., Davies, I.A. and Tranchell, S. (2013) ‘Where now for fair trade?’ Business History 55(2): 161–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.692083>.

Fairtrade Foundation (2011) Fairtrade and Cocoa: Commodity Briefing [pdf] <https://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2011_Fairtrade_and_cocoa_briefing.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Fold, N. (2000) ‘A matter of good taste? Quality and the construction of standards for chocolate products in the European Union’, Cahiers d’économie et sociologie rurales 55–56: 91–110.

Fountain, A.C. and Hütz-Adams, F. (2015) Cocoa Barometer 2015 [pdf] <www.cocoabarometer.org/Download_files/Cocoa%20Barometer%202015%20Print%20Friendly%20Version.pdf> [accessed 3 October 2015].

Franzen, M. and Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2007) ‘Ecological, economic and social perspectives on cocoa production worldwide’, Biodiversity Conservation 16: 3835–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9183-5>.

Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research) (2007) Uso de especies maderables tropicales latifoliadas como sombre del cacao (Use of tropical broad-leaf timber species as shade trees for cocoa), Hoja técnica, Mayo 2007, La Lima, Cortés, Honduras: FHIA.

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. and Sturgeon, T. (2005) ‘The governance of global value chains’, Review of International Political Economy 12(1): 78–104 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805>.

Glin, L.C., Oosterveer, P. and Mol, A.P.J. (2015) ‘Governing the organic cocoa network from Ghana: towards hybrid governance arrangements?’ Journal of Agrarian Change 15(1): 43–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12059>.

Green, M. and Hulme, D. (2005) ‘From correlates and characteristics to causes: thinking about poverty from a chronic poverty perspective’, World Development 33(6): 867–79 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.013>.

Haggar, J. (2013) Supporting Ecosystem Services in Fairtrade Value Chains [pdf], NRI Working Paper Series, London: Twin Trading; Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute <www.nri.org/images/Programmes/climate_change/publications/Jeremy_Haggar_Report_Print_web.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Hainmueller, J., Hiscox, M.J. and Tampe, M. (2011) Sustainable Development for Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Baseline Survey: Preliminary Report [pdf], Cambridge, MA: MIT and Harvard University <www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/Hainmueller%20et%20al%20%282011%29%20baseline%20survey%2C%20preliminary%20report.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N.M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2002) ‘Global production networks and the analysis of economic development’, Review of International Political Economy 9(3): 436–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290210150842>.

Hess, M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2006) ‘Whither global production networks in economic geography? Past, present and future’, Environment and Planning A 38(7): 1193–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38463>.

Hickey, S. and Bracking, S. (2005) ‘Exploring the politics of chronic poverty: from representation to a politics of justice?’ World Development 33(6): 851–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.012>.

Hoffmann, U. and Grothaus, F. (2015) Assuring Coherence between the Market-Access and Livelihood Impact of Private Sustainability Standards [pdf], UNFSS Discussion Paper 6 <https://unfss.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/unfss-discussion-paper-6-final-28may-2015.pdf> [accessed 11 January 2017].

Hughes, A. (2001) ‘Global commodity networks, ethical trade and governmentality: organizing business responsibility in the Kenyan cut flower industry’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26(4): 390–406 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00031>.

Hütz-Adams, F. and Fountain, A.C. (2012) Cocoa Barometer 2012 [pdf] <www.suedwind-institut.de/fileadmin/fuerSuedwind/Publikationen/2012/2012-44_Cocoa_Barometer_2012_Druckfreundlich.pdf> [accessed 23 January 2013].

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2012a) Monthly Review of the Cocoa Market Situation: May 2012 [pdf] <www.icco.org/about-us/international-cocoa-agreements/doc_download/253-may-2012.html> [accessed 11 July 2012].

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2012b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics XXXVIII, No. 4; cocoa year 2011/12, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2014) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XL, No. 3; cocoa year 2013/14, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2015a) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLI No. 1; cocoa year 2014/15, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2015b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLI No. 3; cocoa year 2014/15, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2016a) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLII, No. 1; cocoa year 2015/16, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2016b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLII No. 3; cocoa year 2015/16, London: ICCO.

Iller Chocolate (2012) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht [Sustainability Report; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Iller Chocolate (2013) Klimaneutralität [Climate neutrality; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Applied Social Research Methods Series 15, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, Brighton, UK: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.

KPMG (2013) Improving Smallholder Livelihoods: Effectiveness of Certification in Coffee, Cocoa and Cotton [pdf] <http://www.sustaineo.org/tl_files/Sustaineo/Improving%20smallholder%20livelihoods%20-%20Effectiveness%20of%20certification%20in%20coffee,cocoa%20and%20cotton_study%20commissioned%20by%20SUSTAINEO.pdf> [accessed 22 May 2015].

Krauss, J.E. (2016) Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives and the Environment: Mapping Stakeholder Priorities and Representations, Doctoral thesis, University of Manchester.

Läderach, P., Eitzinger, A., Martínez, A. and Castro, N. (2011) Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Cocoa-Growing Regions in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire [pdf], Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) <www.eenews.net/assets/2011/10/03/document_cw_01.pdf> [accessed 23 March 2013].

Laws, S., with Harper, C. and Marcus, R. (2003) Research for Development: A Practical Guide, London: Sage.

Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View, 2nd edition, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mason, C, and Doherty, B. (2015) ‘A fair trade-off? Paradoxes in the governance of fair-trade social enterprises’, Journal of Business Ethics 136(3): 451–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2511-2>.

Mikkelsen, B. (2005) Methods for Development Work and Research: A New Guide for Practitioners, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Morgan, D.L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Nelson, V. (2014) ‘Guest editorial: fairtrade impacts’, Food Chain 4(1): 3–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.001>.

Nieburg, O. (2012) ‘Hershey stuns critics with commitment to source 100% certified cocoa by 2020’ [online], Confectionery News <www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Hershey-stuns-critics-with-commitment-to-source-100-certified-cocoa-by-2020> [accessed 14 April 2013].

Ofori-Boateng, K. and Insah, B. (2014) ‘The impact of climate change on cocoa production in West Africa’, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6(3): 296–314 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2013-0007>.

O’Laughlin, B. (2007) ‘Interpreting institutional discourses’, in A. Thomas and G. Mohan (eds), Research Skills for Policy and Development: How to Find Out Fast, pp. 135–56, London: The Open University.

Pay, E. (2009) The Market for Organic and Fair-Trade Cocoa [pdf], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/organicexports/docs/Market_Organic_FT_Cocoa.pdf> [accessed 06 August 2012].

Peters-Stanley, M. and Hamilton, K. (2012) Developing Dimension: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2012 [pdf], Washington, DC: Forest Trends <www.forest-trends.org/publication_details.php?publicationID=3164> [accessed 05 August 2012].

Planet Concern (2012) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 30 September 2013].

Planet Concern (2013a) Project A [html] [accessed 28 September 2013].

Planet Concern (2013b) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014a) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014b) Project C – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014c) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015a) Project B [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015b) Project A [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015c) Project C [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Raynolds, L.T. (2009) ‘Mainstreaming fair trade coffee: from partnership to traceability’, World Development 37(6): 1083–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.10.001>.

Renard, M.C. (2003) ‘Fair trade: quality, market and conventions’, Journal of Rural Studies 19: 87–96 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00051-7>.

Somarriba, E., Suárez-Islas, A., Calero-Borge, W., Villota, A., Castillo, C., Vílchez, S., Deheuvels, O. and Cerda, R. (2014) ‘Cocoa-timber agroforestry systems: Theobroma cacao-Cordia alliodora in Central America’, Agroforestry Systems 88: 1001–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9692-7>.

Spradley, J.P. (1980) Participant Observation, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Tampe, M. (2016) ‘Leveraging the vertical: the contested dynamics of sustainability standards and labour in global production networks’, British Journal of Industrial Relations <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12204>.

Thornton, P. (2010) Cocoa Production 2020 [presentation], London: Armajaro Group.

Tree kids (2013) FAQ – Schokolade [FAQ – Chocolate; html] [accessed 25 February 2013].

Tscharntke, T., Milder, J.C., Schroth, G., Clough, Y., DeClerck, F., Waldron, A., Rice, R. and Ghazoul, J. (2015) ‘Conserving biodiversity through certification of tropical agroforestry crops at local and landscape scales’, Conservation Letters 8(1): 14–23 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12110>.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2008) Cocoa Study: Industry Structures and Competition [pdf] <http://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditccom20081_en.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Utting, P. (2007) ‘CSR and equality’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 697–712 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336572>.

Barrientos, S. (2002) ‘Mapping codes through the value chain: from researcher to detective’, in R. Jenkins, R. Pearson and G. Seyfang (eds), Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights. Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy, pp. 61–76, London: Earthscan.

Barrientos, S. (2014) ‘Gendered global production networks: analysis of cocoa–chocolate sourcing’, Regional Studies 48(5): 791–803 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.878799>.

Barrientos, S. and Asenso-Okyere, K. (2009) ‘Cocoa value chain: challenges facing Ghana in a changing global confectionery market’, Journal für Entwicklungspolitik XXV 2-2009: 88–107.

Bitzer, V., Glasbergen, P. and Leroy, P. (2012) ‘Partnerships of a feather flock together? An analysis of the emergence of networks of partnerships in the global cocoa sector’, Global Networks 12(3): 355–74.

Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M. and Robson, K. (2001) Focus Groups in Social Research, London: Sage.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2010) ‘Integrating poverty and environmental concerns into value-chain analysis: a conceptual framework’, Development Policy Review 28(2): 173–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00480.x>.

Candy Industry (2010) ‘What now, Candy World?’ [online] <www.candyindustry.com/articles/83756-what-now-candy-world> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Candy Industry (2017) ‘2017 Global Top 100: Part 1 | Candy Industry’ [online] <www.candyindustry.com/2017-Global-Top-100-Part-1> [accessed 5 February 2017].

Cidell, J.L. and Alberts, H.C. (2006) ‘Constructing quality: the multinational histories of chocolate’, Geoforum 37: 999–1007 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.02.006>.

Doherty, B., Davies, I.A. and Tranchell, S. (2013) ‘Where now for fair trade?’ Business History 55(2): 161–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.692083>.

Fairtrade Foundation (2011) Fairtrade and Cocoa: Commodity Briefing [pdf] <https://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2011_Fairtrade_and_cocoa_briefing.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Fold, N. (2000) ‘A matter of good taste? Quality and the construction of standards for chocolate products in the European Union’, Cahiers d’économie et sociologie rurales 55–56: 91–110.

Fountain, A.C. and Hütz-Adams, F. (2015) Cocoa Barometer 2015 [pdf] <www.cocoabarometer.org/Download_files/Cocoa%20Barometer%202015%20Print%20Friendly%20Version.pdf> [accessed 3 October 2015].

Franzen, M. and Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2007) ‘Ecological, economic and social perspectives on cocoa production worldwide’, Biodiversity Conservation 16: 3835–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9183-5>.

Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research) (2007) Uso de especies maderables tropicales latifoliadas como sombre del cacao (Use of tropical broad-leaf timber species as shade trees for cocoa), Hoja técnica, Mayo 2007, La Lima, Cortés, Honduras: FHIA.

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. and Sturgeon, T. (2005) ‘The governance of global value chains’, Review of International Political Economy 12(1): 78–104 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805>.

Glin, L.C., Oosterveer, P. and Mol, A.P.J. (2015) ‘Governing the organic cocoa network from Ghana: towards hybrid governance arrangements?’ Journal of Agrarian Change 15(1): 43–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12059>.

Green, M. and Hulme, D. (2005) ‘From correlates and characteristics to causes: thinking about poverty from a chronic poverty perspective’, World Development 33(6): 867–79 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.013>.

Haggar, J. (2013) Supporting Ecosystem Services in Fairtrade Value Chains [pdf], NRI Working Paper Series, London: Twin Trading; Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute <www.nri.org/images/Programmes/climate_change/publications/Jeremy_Haggar_Report_Print_web.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Hainmueller, J., Hiscox, M.J. and Tampe, M. (2011) Sustainable Development for Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Baseline Survey: Preliminary Report [pdf], Cambridge, MA: MIT and Harvard University <www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/Hainmueller%20et%20al%20%282011%29%20baseline%20survey%2C%20preliminary%20report.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N.M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2002) ‘Global production networks and the analysis of economic development’, Review of International Political Economy 9(3): 436–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290210150842>.

Hess, M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2006) ‘Whither global production networks in economic geography? Past, present and future’, Environment and Planning A 38(7): 1193–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38463>.

Hickey, S. and Bracking, S. (2005) ‘Exploring the politics of chronic poverty: from representation to a politics of justice?’ World Development 33(6): 851–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.012>.

Hoffmann, U. and Grothaus, F. (2015) Assuring Coherence between the Market-Access and Livelihood Impact of Private Sustainability Standards [pdf], UNFSS Discussion Paper 6 <https://unfss.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/unfss-discussion-paper-6-final-28may-2015.pdf> [accessed 11 January 2017].

Hughes, A. (2001) ‘Global commodity networks, ethical trade and governmentality: organizing business responsibility in the Kenyan cut flower industry’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26(4): 390–406 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00031>.

Hütz-Adams, F. and Fountain, A.C. (2012) Cocoa Barometer 2012 [pdf] <www.suedwind-institut.de/fileadmin/fuerSuedwind/Publikationen/2012/2012-44_Cocoa_Barometer_2012_Druckfreundlich.pdf> [accessed 23 January 2013].

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2012a) Monthly Review of the Cocoa Market Situation: May 2012 [pdf] <www.icco.org/about-us/international-cocoa-agreements/doc_download/253-may-2012.html> [accessed 11 July 2012].

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2012b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics XXXVIII, No. 4; cocoa year 2011/12, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2014) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XL, No. 3; cocoa year 2013/14, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2015a) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLI No. 1; cocoa year 2014/15, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2015b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLI No. 3; cocoa year 2014/15, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2016a) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLII, No. 1; cocoa year 2015/16, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2016b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLII No. 3; cocoa year 2015/16, London: ICCO.

Iller Chocolate (2012) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht [Sustainability Report; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Iller Chocolate (2013) Klimaneutralität [Climate neutrality; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Applied Social Research Methods Series 15, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, Brighton, UK: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.

KPMG (2013) Improving Smallholder Livelihoods: Effectiveness of Certification in Coffee, Cocoa and Cotton [pdf] <http://www.sustaineo.org/tl_files/Sustaineo/Improving%20smallholder%20livelihoods%20-%20Effectiveness%20of%20certification%20in%20coffee,cocoa%20and%20cotton_study%20commissioned%20by%20SUSTAINEO.pdf> [accessed 22 May 2015].

Krauss, J.E. (2016) Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives and the Environment: Mapping Stakeholder Priorities and Representations, Doctoral thesis, University of Manchester.

Läderach, P., Eitzinger, A., Martínez, A. and Castro, N. (2011) Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Cocoa-Growing Regions in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire [pdf], Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) <www.eenews.net/assets/2011/10/03/document_cw_01.pdf> [accessed 23 March 2013].

Laws, S., with Harper, C. and Marcus, R. (2003) Research for Development: A Practical Guide, London: Sage.

Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View, 2nd edition, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mason, C, and Doherty, B. (2015) ‘A fair trade-off? Paradoxes in the governance of fair-trade social enterprises’, Journal of Business Ethics 136(3): 451–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2511-2>.

Mikkelsen, B. (2005) Methods for Development Work and Research: A New Guide for Practitioners, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Morgan, D.L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Nelson, V. (2014) ‘Guest editorial: fairtrade impacts’, Food Chain 4(1): 3–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.001>.

Nieburg, O. (2012) ‘Hershey stuns critics with commitment to source 100% certified cocoa by 2020’ [online], Confectionery News <www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Hershey-stuns-critics-with-commitment-to-source-100-certified-cocoa-by-2020> [accessed 14 April 2013].

Ofori-Boateng, K. and Insah, B. (2014) ‘The impact of climate change on cocoa production in West Africa’, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6(3): 296–314 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2013-0007>.

O’Laughlin, B. (2007) ‘Interpreting institutional discourses’, in A. Thomas and G. Mohan (eds), Research Skills for Policy and Development: How to Find Out Fast, pp. 135–56, London: The Open University.

Pay, E. (2009) The Market for Organic and Fair-Trade Cocoa [pdf], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/organicexports/docs/Market_Organic_FT_Cocoa.pdf> [accessed 06 August 2012].

Peters-Stanley, M. and Hamilton, K. (2012) Developing Dimension: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2012 [pdf], Washington, DC: Forest Trends <www.forest-trends.org/publication_details.php?publicationID=3164> [accessed 05 August 2012].

Planet Concern (2012) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 30 September 2013].

Planet Concern (2013a) Project A [html] [accessed 28 September 2013].

Planet Concern (2013b) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014a) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014b) Project C – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014c) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015a) Project B [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015b) Project A [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015c) Project C [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Raynolds, L.T. (2009) ‘Mainstreaming fair trade coffee: from partnership to traceability’, World Development 37(6): 1083–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.10.001>.

Renard, M.C. (2003) ‘Fair trade: quality, market and conventions’, Journal of Rural Studies 19: 87–96 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00051-7>.

Somarriba, E., Suárez-Islas, A., Calero-Borge, W., Villota, A., Castillo, C., Vílchez, S., Deheuvels, O. and Cerda, R. (2014) ‘Cocoa-timber agroforestry systems: Theobroma cacao-Cordia alliodora in Central America’, Agroforestry Systems 88: 1001–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9692-7>.

Spradley, J.P. (1980) Participant Observation, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Tampe, M. (2016) ‘Leveraging the vertical: the contested dynamics of sustainability standards and labour in global production networks’, British Journal of Industrial Relations <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12204>.

Thornton, P. (2010) Cocoa Production 2020 [presentation], London: Armajaro Group.

Tree kids (2013) FAQ – Schokolade [FAQ – Chocolate; html] [accessed 25 February 2013].

Tscharntke, T., Milder, J.C., Schroth, G., Clough, Y., DeClerck, F., Waldron, A., Rice, R. and Ghazoul, J. (2015) ‘Conserving biodiversity through certification of tropical agroforestry crops at local and landscape scales’, Conservation Letters 8(1): 14–23 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12110>.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2008) Cocoa Study: Industry Structures and Competition [pdf] <http://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditccom20081_en.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Utting, P. (2007) ‘CSR and equality’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 697–712 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336572>.

Barrientos, S. (2002) ‘Mapping codes through the value chain: from researcher to detective’, in R. Jenkins, R. Pearson and G. Seyfang (eds), Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights. Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy, pp. 61–76, London: Earthscan.

Barrientos, S. (2014) ‘Gendered global production networks: analysis of cocoa–chocolate sourcing’, Regional Studies 48(5): 791–803 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.878799>.

Barrientos, S. and Asenso-Okyere, K. (2009) ‘Cocoa value chain: challenges facing Ghana in a changing global confectionery market’, Journal für Entwicklungspolitik XXV 2-2009: 88–107.

Bitzer, V., Glasbergen, P. and Leroy, P. (2012) ‘Partnerships of a feather flock together? An analysis of the emergence of networks of partnerships in the global cocoa sector’, Global Networks 12(3): 355–74.

Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M. and Robson, K. (2001) Focus Groups in Social Research, London: Sage.

Bolwig, S., Ponte, S., du Toit, A., Riisgaard, L. and Halberg, N. (2010) ‘Integrating poverty and environmental concerns into value-chain analysis: a conceptual framework’, Development Policy Review 28(2): 173–94 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2010.00480.x>.

Candy Industry (2010) ‘What now, Candy World?’ [online] <www.candyindustry.com/articles/83756-what-now-candy-world> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Candy Industry (2017) ‘2017 Global Top 100: Part 1 | Candy Industry’ [online] <www.candyindustry.com/2017-Global-Top-100-Part-1> [accessed 5 February 2017].

Cidell, J.L. and Alberts, H.C. (2006) ‘Constructing quality: the multinational histories of chocolate’, Geoforum 37: 999–1007 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.02.006>.

Doherty, B., Davies, I.A. and Tranchell, S. (2013) ‘Where now for fair trade?’ Business History 55(2): 161–89 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.692083>.

Fairtrade Foundation (2011) Fairtrade and Cocoa: Commodity Briefing [pdf] <https://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2011_Fairtrade_and_cocoa_briefing.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Fold, N. (2000) ‘A matter of good taste? Quality and the construction of standards for chocolate products in the European Union’, Cahiers d’économie et sociologie rurales 55–56: 91–110.

Fountain, A.C. and Hütz-Adams, F. (2015) Cocoa Barometer 2015 [pdf] <www.cocoabarometer.org/Download_files/Cocoa%20Barometer%202015%20Print%20Friendly%20Version.pdf> [accessed 3 October 2015].

Franzen, M. and Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2007) ‘Ecological, economic and social perspectives on cocoa production worldwide’, Biodiversity Conservation 16: 3835–49 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9183-5>.

Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research) (2007) Uso de especies maderables tropicales latifoliadas como sombre del cacao (Use of tropical broad-leaf timber species as shade trees for cocoa), Hoja técnica, Mayo 2007, La Lima, Cortés, Honduras: FHIA.

Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J. and Sturgeon, T. (2005) ‘The governance of global value chains’, Review of International Political Economy 12(1): 78–104 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805>.

Glin, L.C., Oosterveer, P. and Mol, A.P.J. (2015) ‘Governing the organic cocoa network from Ghana: towards hybrid governance arrangements?’ Journal of Agrarian Change 15(1): 43–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12059>.

Green, M. and Hulme, D. (2005) ‘From correlates and characteristics to causes: thinking about poverty from a chronic poverty perspective’, World Development 33(6): 867–79 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.013>.

Haggar, J. (2013) Supporting Ecosystem Services in Fairtrade Value Chains [pdf], NRI Working Paper Series, London: Twin Trading; Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute <www.nri.org/images/Programmes/climate_change/publications/Jeremy_Haggar_Report_Print_web.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Hainmueller, J., Hiscox, M.J. and Tampe, M. (2011) Sustainable Development for Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Baseline Survey: Preliminary Report [pdf], Cambridge, MA: MIT and Harvard University <www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/Hainmueller%20et%20al%20%282011%29%20baseline%20survey%2C%20preliminary%20report.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N.M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2002) ‘Global production networks and the analysis of economic development’, Review of International Political Economy 9(3): 436–64 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290210150842>.

Hess, M. and Yeung, H.W.-c. (2006) ‘Whither global production networks in economic geography? Past, present and future’, Environment and Planning A 38(7): 1193–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38463>.

Hickey, S. and Bracking, S. (2005) ‘Exploring the politics of chronic poverty: from representation to a politics of justice?’ World Development 33(6): 851–65 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.012>.

Hoffmann, U. and Grothaus, F. (2015) Assuring Coherence between the Market-Access and Livelihood Impact of Private Sustainability Standards [pdf], UNFSS Discussion Paper 6 <https://unfss.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/unfss-discussion-paper-6-final-28may-2015.pdf> [accessed 11 January 2017].

Hughes, A. (2001) ‘Global commodity networks, ethical trade and governmentality: organizing business responsibility in the Kenyan cut flower industry’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26(4): 390–406 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00031>.

Hütz-Adams, F. and Fountain, A.C. (2012) Cocoa Barometer 2012 [pdf] <www.suedwind-institut.de/fileadmin/fuerSuedwind/Publikationen/2012/2012-44_Cocoa_Barometer_2012_Druckfreundlich.pdf> [accessed 23 January 2013].

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2012a) Monthly Review of the Cocoa Market Situation: May 2012 [pdf] <www.icco.org/about-us/international-cocoa-agreements/doc_download/253-may-2012.html> [accessed 11 July 2012].

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2012b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics XXXVIII, No. 4; cocoa year 2011/12, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2014) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XL, No. 3; cocoa year 2013/14, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2015a) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLI No. 1; cocoa year 2014/15, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2015b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLI No. 3; cocoa year 2014/15, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2016a) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLII, No. 1; cocoa year 2015/16, London: ICCO.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) (2016b) Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics, Vol. XLII No. 3; cocoa year 2015/16, London: ICCO.

Iller Chocolate (2012) Nachhaltigkeitsbericht [Sustainability Report; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Iller Chocolate (2013) Klimaneutralität [Climate neutrality; HTML] [accessed 01 October 2013].

Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Applied Social Research Methods Series 15, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M. (2000) A Handbook for Value Chain Research, Brighton, UK: Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.

KPMG (2013) Improving Smallholder Livelihoods: Effectiveness of Certification in Coffee, Cocoa and Cotton [pdf] <http://www.sustaineo.org/tl_files/Sustaineo/Improving%20smallholder%20livelihoods%20-%20Effectiveness%20of%20certification%20in%20coffee,cocoa%20and%20cotton_study%20commissioned%20by%20SUSTAINEO.pdf> [accessed 22 May 2015].

Krauss, J.E. (2016) Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives and the Environment: Mapping Stakeholder Priorities and Representations, Doctoral thesis, University of Manchester.

Läderach, P., Eitzinger, A., Martínez, A. and Castro, N. (2011) Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Cocoa-Growing Regions in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire [pdf], Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) <www.eenews.net/assets/2011/10/03/document_cw_01.pdf> [accessed 23 March 2013].

Laws, S., with Harper, C. and Marcus, R. (2003) Research for Development: A Practical Guide, London: Sage.

Lukes, S. (2005) Power: A Radical View, 2nd edition, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Mason, C, and Doherty, B. (2015) ‘A fair trade-off? Paradoxes in the governance of fair-trade social enterprises’, Journal of Business Ethics 136(3): 451–69 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2511-2>.

Mikkelsen, B. (2005) Methods for Development Work and Research: A New Guide for Practitioners, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Morgan, D.L. (1997) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research, 2nd edition, London: Sage.

Nelson, V. (2014) ‘Guest editorial: fairtrade impacts’, Food Chain 4(1): 3–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.001>.

Nieburg, O. (2012) ‘Hershey stuns critics with commitment to source 100% certified cocoa by 2020’ [online], Confectionery News <www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Hershey-stuns-critics-with-commitment-to-source-100-certified-cocoa-by-2020> [accessed 14 April 2013].

Ofori-Boateng, K. and Insah, B. (2014) ‘The impact of climate change on cocoa production in West Africa’, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6(3): 296–314 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2013-0007>.

O’Laughlin, B. (2007) ‘Interpreting institutional discourses’, in A. Thomas and G. Mohan (eds), Research Skills for Policy and Development: How to Find Out Fast, pp. 135–56, London: The Open University.

Pay, E. (2009) The Market for Organic and Fair-Trade Cocoa [pdf], Rome: FAO <www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/organicexports/docs/Market_Organic_FT_Cocoa.pdf> [accessed 06 August 2012].

Peters-Stanley, M. and Hamilton, K. (2012) Developing Dimension: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2012 [pdf], Washington, DC: Forest Trends <www.forest-trends.org/publication_details.php?publicationID=3164> [accessed 05 August 2012].

Planet Concern (2012) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 30 September 2013].

Planet Concern (2013a) Project A [html] [accessed 28 September 2013].

Planet Concern (2013b) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014a) Project A - Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014b) Project C – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 20 October 2014].

Planet Concern (2014c) Project B – Progress report [pdf] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015a) Project B [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015b) Project A [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Planet Concern (2015c) Project C [html] [accessed 18 January 2015].

Raynolds, L.T. (2009) ‘Mainstreaming fair trade coffee: from partnership to traceability’, World Development 37(6): 1083–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.10.001>.

Renard, M.C. (2003) ‘Fair trade: quality, market and conventions’, Journal of Rural Studies 19: 87–96 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00051-7>.

Somarriba, E., Suárez-Islas, A., Calero-Borge, W., Villota, A., Castillo, C., Vílchez, S., Deheuvels, O. and Cerda, R. (2014) ‘Cocoa-timber agroforestry systems: Theobroma cacao-Cordia alliodora in Central America’, Agroforestry Systems 88: 1001–19 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9692-7>.

Spradley, J.P. (1980) Participant Observation, Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Tampe, M. (2016) ‘Leveraging the vertical: the contested dynamics of sustainability standards and labour in global production networks’, British Journal of Industrial Relations <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12204>.

Thornton, P. (2010) Cocoa Production 2020 [presentation], London: Armajaro Group.

Tree kids (2013) FAQ – Schokolade [FAQ – Chocolate; html] [accessed 25 February 2013].

Tscharntke, T., Milder, J.C., Schroth, G., Clough, Y., DeClerck, F., Waldron, A., Rice, R. and Ghazoul, J. (2015) ‘Conserving biodiversity through certification of tropical agroforestry crops at local and landscape scales’, Conservation Letters 8(1): 14–23 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12110>.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2008) Cocoa Study: Industry Structures and Competition [pdf] <http://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditccom20081_en.pdf> [accessed 8 June 2017].

Utting, P. (2007) ‘CSR and equality’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 697–712 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701336572>.