This article is about the financial difficulties faced by people living in the United States who are poor and have mental illness, and a pilot programme seeking to help them. Millions of people in the United States cannot afford to meet their basic needs, and levels of unsustainable debt are high, given low incomes and a relatively high cost of living. People with mental illness are disproportionately represented among this group, even those who receive financial assistance from the government. The pilot project focused on helping people understand and make the best use of financial services, and worked with local banks and the government to try to improve locally available financial services. The United States has a great deal to learn from the experience of global microfinance. In addition, the benefits system must be reformed to increase people’s incomes, and reduce disincentives to saving and finding employment.

Allmark, P. and Machaczek, K. (2015) ‘Financial capability, health and disability’, BMC Public Health 15: 243 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1589-5>.

Campbell, D., Martínez-Jerez, F. and Tufano, P. (2012) ‘Bouncing out of the banking system: an empirical analysis of involuntary bank account closures’, Journal of Banking and Finance 36: 1224–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.11.014>.

Caskey, J. (2001) ‘Payday lending’, Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 12(2): 1–14.

Caskey, J. (2006) Can Personal Financial Management Education Promote Asset Accumulation by the Poor? Policy Brief #2006-PB-06, Terre Haute, IN: Networks Financial Institute.

Chakravorti, S. (2006) ‘Payment instrument choice: the case of prepaid cards’, Economic Perspectives, Second Quarter.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) (2013) CFPB Study of Overdraft Programs: A White Paper of Initial Data Findings [pdf] <http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201306_cfpb_whitepaper_overdraft-practices.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Conrad, K.J., Lutz, G., Matters, M.D., Donner, L., Clark, E. and Lynch, P. (2006) ‘Randomized trial of psychiatric care with representative payeeship for persons with serious mental illness’, PS 57(2): 197–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.197>.

Desmond, M. (2016) Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, New York: Crown.

Drake, R.E., Bond, G.R., Goldman, H.H., Hogan, M.F. and Karakus, M. (2016) ‘Individual placement and support services boost employment for people with serious mental illnesses, but funding is lacking’, Health Affairs 35(6): 1098–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0001>.

Elbogen, E.B., Tiegreen, J., Vaughan, C. and Bradford, D.W. (2011) ‘Money management, mental health, and psychiatric disability: a recovery-oriented model for improving financial skills’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 34(3): 223–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2975/34.3.2011.223.231>.

FDIC (2013) 2012 National FDIC Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households [pdf] <https://www.fdic.gov/householdsurvey/2013report.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Fernandes, D., Lynch, J.G. and Netemeyer, R.G. (2014) ‘Financial literacy, financial education and downstream financial behaviors’, Management Science 60(8): 1861–83 <https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1849>.

Golin, C.E., Oluwakemi, A., Dardick, A., Montgomery, B., Bishop, L., Parker, S. and Owens, L.E. (2017) ‘Poverty, personal experiences of violence, and mental health: understanding their complex intersections among low-income women’, in A. O’Leary and P.M. Frew (eds.), Poverty in the United States, Chapter 5, New York: Springer Science and Business Media <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43833-7_5>.

Goodman, N. and Morris, M. (2017) Banking Status and Financial Behaviors of Adults with Disabilities: Findings from the 2015 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households, Washington, DC: National Disability Institute.

Hansen, H., Bourgois, P. and Drucker, E. (2014) ‘Pathologizing poverty: new forms of diagnosis, disability, and structural stigma under welfare reform’, Social Science & Medicine 103: 76–83 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.033>.

Harper, A., Clayton, A., Bailey, M., Foss-Kelly, L., Sernyak, M.J. and Rowe, M. (2015) ‘Financial health and mental health among clients of a community mental health center: making the connections’, Psychiatric Services 66(12): 1271–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400438>.

Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., Coid, J., Fryers, T., Weich, S., Singleton, N. and Meltzer, H. (2008) ‘Debt, income and mental disorder in the general population’, Psychological Medicine 38: 1485–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707002516>.

Jiménez-Solomon, O.G., Méndez-Bustos, P., Swarbrick, M., Díaz, S., Silva, S., Kelley, M., Duke, S. and Lewis-Fernández, R. (2016) ‘Peer-supported economic empowerment: a financial wellness intervention framework for people with psychiatric disabilities’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 39: 222–33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/prj0000210>.

Kirk, A. (2012) Understanding the Growth in Federal Disability Programs: Who Are the Marginal Beneficiaries and How Much Do They Cost? [pdf], Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College <http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/wp-2012-1-508.pdf> [accessed 18 January 2017].

Mills, G.B. and Monson, W. (2013) The Rising Use of Nonbank Credit among U.S. Households: 2009–2011 [pdf], Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, <www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412868-the-rising-use-of-nonbank-credit.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Murray, N., Holkar, M. and Mackenzie, P. (2016) In Control [pdf], London: Money and Mental Health Policy Institute <www.moneyandmentalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/In-Control.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Parrish, L. and Frank, J. (2011) ‘An analysis of bank overdraft fees: pricing, market structure and regulation’, Journal of Economic Issues 155(2): 353–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624450212>.

Pew Charitable Trusts (2016) Consumers Need Protection from Excessive Overdraft Costs: An evidence-based case for regulation to limit the number and amount of fees [pdf] <www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/12/consumers_need_protection_from_excessive_overdraft_costs.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Rhine, S. and Greene, W. (2012) ‘Factors that contribute to becoming unbanked’, The Journal of Consumer Affairs 47(1): 27–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-6606.2012.01244.X>.

Romich, J.L., Gordon, S. and Waithaka, E.N. (2009) A Tool for Getting by or Getting Ahead? Consumers’ Views on Prepaid Cards [pdf], Networks Financial Institute Working Paper 2009-WP-09, Indiana State University <www.indstate.edu/business/sites/business.indstate.edu/files/Docs/2009-WP-09_Romich_Waithaka_Gordon.pdf>.

Rosen, M.I. (2011) ‘The “check effect” reconsidered’, Addiction 106(6): 1071–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03409.x>.

Shefrin, H. and Thaler, R. (1992) ‘Mental accounting, saving, and self-control’, in G. Loewenstein and J. Elster (eds), Choice Over Time, pp. 287–330, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Stango, V. and Zinman, J. (2014) ‘Limited and varying consumer attention: evidence from shocks to the salience of bank overdraft fees’, Review of Financial Studies 27(4): 990–1030 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu008>.

Swarbrick, M. (2006) ‘Asset-building, financial self-management service model: piecing together consumer financial independence’, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 44: 22–6.

Sweet, E., Nandi, A., Adam, E.K. and McDade, T.W. (2013) ‘The high price of debt: household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health’, Social Science and Medicine 91: 94–100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009>.

U.S. Department of the Treasury (2010) Executive Order No. 13530 [online] <www.treasury.gov/resource-center/financial-education/Pages/Advisory.aspx> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Zelizer, V.A. (2017) The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Allmark, P. and Machaczek, K. (2015) ‘Financial capability, health and disability’, BMC Public Health 15: 243 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1589-5>.

Campbell, D., Martínez-Jerez, F. and Tufano, P. (2012) ‘Bouncing out of the banking system: an empirical analysis of involuntary bank account closures’, Journal of Banking and Finance 36: 1224–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.11.014>.

Caskey, J. (2001) ‘Payday lending’, Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 12(2): 1–14.

Caskey, J. (2006) Can Personal Financial Management Education Promote Asset Accumulation by the Poor? Policy Brief #2006-PB-06, Terre Haute, IN: Networks Financial Institute.

Chakravorti, S. (2006) ‘Payment instrument choice: the case of prepaid cards’, Economic Perspectives, Second Quarter.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) (2013) CFPB Study of Overdraft Programs: A White Paper of Initial Data Findings [pdf] <http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201306_cfpb_whitepaper_overdraft-practices.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Conrad, K.J., Lutz, G., Matters, M.D., Donner, L., Clark, E. and Lynch, P. (2006) ‘Randomized trial of psychiatric care with representative payeeship for persons with serious mental illness’, PS 57(2): 197–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.197>.

Desmond, M. (2016) Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, New York: Crown.

Drake, R.E., Bond, G.R., Goldman, H.H., Hogan, M.F. and Karakus, M. (2016) ‘Individual placement and support services boost employment for people with serious mental illnesses, but funding is lacking’, Health Affairs 35(6): 1098–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0001>.

Elbogen, E.B., Tiegreen, J., Vaughan, C. and Bradford, D.W. (2011) ‘Money management, mental health, and psychiatric disability: a recovery-oriented model for improving financial skills’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 34(3): 223–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2975/34.3.2011.223.231>.

FDIC (2013) 2012 National FDIC Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households [pdf] <https://www.fdic.gov/householdsurvey/2013report.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Fernandes, D., Lynch, J.G. and Netemeyer, R.G. (2014) ‘Financial literacy, financial education and downstream financial behaviors’, Management Science 60(8): 1861–83 <https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1849>.

Golin, C.E., Oluwakemi, A., Dardick, A., Montgomery, B., Bishop, L., Parker, S. and Owens, L.E. (2017) ‘Poverty, personal experiences of violence, and mental health: understanding their complex intersections among low-income women’, in A. O’Leary and P.M. Frew (eds.), Poverty in the United States, Chapter 5, New York: Springer Science and Business Media <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43833-7_5>.

Goodman, N. and Morris, M. (2017) Banking Status and Financial Behaviors of Adults with Disabilities: Findings from the 2015 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households, Washington, DC: National Disability Institute.

Hansen, H., Bourgois, P. and Drucker, E. (2014) ‘Pathologizing poverty: new forms of diagnosis, disability, and structural stigma under welfare reform’, Social Science & Medicine 103: 76–83 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.033>.

Harper, A., Clayton, A., Bailey, M., Foss-Kelly, L., Sernyak, M.J. and Rowe, M. (2015) ‘Financial health and mental health among clients of a community mental health center: making the connections’, Psychiatric Services 66(12): 1271–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400438>.

Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., Coid, J., Fryers, T., Weich, S., Singleton, N. and Meltzer, H. (2008) ‘Debt, income and mental disorder in the general population’, Psychological Medicine 38: 1485–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707002516>.

Jiménez-Solomon, O.G., Méndez-Bustos, P., Swarbrick, M., Díaz, S., Silva, S., Kelley, M., Duke, S. and Lewis-Fernández, R. (2016) ‘Peer-supported economic empowerment: a financial wellness intervention framework for people with psychiatric disabilities’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 39: 222–33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/prj0000210>.

Kirk, A. (2012) Understanding the Growth in Federal Disability Programs: Who Are the Marginal Beneficiaries and How Much Do They Cost? [pdf], Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College <http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/wp-2012-1-508.pdf> [accessed 18 January 2017].

Mills, G.B. and Monson, W. (2013) The Rising Use of Nonbank Credit among U.S. Households: 2009–2011 [pdf], Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, <www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412868-the-rising-use-of-nonbank-credit.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Murray, N., Holkar, M. and Mackenzie, P. (2016) In Control [pdf], London: Money and Mental Health Policy Institute <www.moneyandmentalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/In-Control.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Parrish, L. and Frank, J. (2011) ‘An analysis of bank overdraft fees: pricing, market structure and regulation’, Journal of Economic Issues 155(2): 353–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624450212>.

Pew Charitable Trusts (2016) Consumers Need Protection from Excessive Overdraft Costs: An evidence-based case for regulation to limit the number and amount of fees [pdf] <www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/12/consumers_need_protection_from_excessive_overdraft_costs.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Rhine, S. and Greene, W. (2012) ‘Factors that contribute to becoming unbanked’, The Journal of Consumer Affairs 47(1): 27–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-6606.2012.01244.X>.

Romich, J.L., Gordon, S. and Waithaka, E.N. (2009) A Tool for Getting by or Getting Ahead? Consumers’ Views on Prepaid Cards [pdf], Networks Financial Institute Working Paper 2009-WP-09, Indiana State University <www.indstate.edu/business/sites/business.indstate.edu/files/Docs/2009-WP-09_Romich_Waithaka_Gordon.pdf>.

Rosen, M.I. (2011) ‘The “check effect” reconsidered’, Addiction 106(6): 1071–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03409.x>.

Shefrin, H. and Thaler, R. (1992) ‘Mental accounting, saving, and self-control’, in G. Loewenstein and J. Elster (eds), Choice Over Time, pp. 287–330, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Stango, V. and Zinman, J. (2014) ‘Limited and varying consumer attention: evidence from shocks to the salience of bank overdraft fees’, Review of Financial Studies 27(4): 990–1030 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu008>.

Swarbrick, M. (2006) ‘Asset-building, financial self-management service model: piecing together consumer financial independence’, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 44: 22–6.

Sweet, E., Nandi, A., Adam, E.K. and McDade, T.W. (2013) ‘The high price of debt: household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health’, Social Science and Medicine 91: 94–100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009>.

U.S. Department of the Treasury (2010) Executive Order No. 13530 [online] <www.treasury.gov/resource-center/financial-education/Pages/Advisory.aspx> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Zelizer, V.A. (2017) The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Allmark, P. and Machaczek, K. (2015) ‘Financial capability, health and disability’, BMC Public Health 15: 243 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1589-5>.

Campbell, D., Martínez-Jerez, F. and Tufano, P. (2012) ‘Bouncing out of the banking system: an empirical analysis of involuntary bank account closures’, Journal of Banking and Finance 36: 1224–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.11.014>.

Caskey, J. (2001) ‘Payday lending’, Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 12(2): 1–14.

Caskey, J. (2006) Can Personal Financial Management Education Promote Asset Accumulation by the Poor? Policy Brief #2006-PB-06, Terre Haute, IN: Networks Financial Institute.

Chakravorti, S. (2006) ‘Payment instrument choice: the case of prepaid cards’, Economic Perspectives, Second Quarter.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) (2013) CFPB Study of Overdraft Programs: A White Paper of Initial Data Findings [pdf] <http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201306_cfpb_whitepaper_overdraft-practices.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Conrad, K.J., Lutz, G., Matters, M.D., Donner, L., Clark, E. and Lynch, P. (2006) ‘Randomized trial of psychiatric care with representative payeeship for persons with serious mental illness’, PS 57(2): 197–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.197>.

Desmond, M. (2016) Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, New York: Crown.

Drake, R.E., Bond, G.R., Goldman, H.H., Hogan, M.F. and Karakus, M. (2016) ‘Individual placement and support services boost employment for people with serious mental illnesses, but funding is lacking’, Health Affairs 35(6): 1098–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0001>.

Elbogen, E.B., Tiegreen, J., Vaughan, C. and Bradford, D.W. (2011) ‘Money management, mental health, and psychiatric disability: a recovery-oriented model for improving financial skills’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 34(3): 223–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2975/34.3.2011.223.231>.

FDIC (2013) 2012 National FDIC Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households [pdf] <https://www.fdic.gov/householdsurvey/2013report.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Fernandes, D., Lynch, J.G. and Netemeyer, R.G. (2014) ‘Financial literacy, financial education and downstream financial behaviors’, Management Science 60(8): 1861–83 <https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1849>.

Golin, C.E., Oluwakemi, A., Dardick, A., Montgomery, B., Bishop, L., Parker, S. and Owens, L.E. (2017) ‘Poverty, personal experiences of violence, and mental health: understanding their complex intersections among low-income women’, in A. O’Leary and P.M. Frew (eds.), Poverty in the United States, Chapter 5, New York: Springer Science and Business Media <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43833-7_5>.

Goodman, N. and Morris, M. (2017) Banking Status and Financial Behaviors of Adults with Disabilities: Findings from the 2015 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households, Washington, DC: National Disability Institute.

Hansen, H., Bourgois, P. and Drucker, E. (2014) ‘Pathologizing poverty: new forms of diagnosis, disability, and structural stigma under welfare reform’, Social Science & Medicine 103: 76–83 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.033>.

Harper, A., Clayton, A., Bailey, M., Foss-Kelly, L., Sernyak, M.J. and Rowe, M. (2015) ‘Financial health and mental health among clients of a community mental health center: making the connections’, Psychiatric Services 66(12): 1271–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400438>.

Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., Coid, J., Fryers, T., Weich, S., Singleton, N. and Meltzer, H. (2008) ‘Debt, income and mental disorder in the general population’, Psychological Medicine 38: 1485–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707002516>.

Jiménez-Solomon, O.G., Méndez-Bustos, P., Swarbrick, M., Díaz, S., Silva, S., Kelley, M., Duke, S. and Lewis-Fernández, R. (2016) ‘Peer-supported economic empowerment: a financial wellness intervention framework for people with psychiatric disabilities’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 39: 222–33 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/prj0000210>.

Kirk, A. (2012) Understanding the Growth in Federal Disability Programs: Who Are the Marginal Beneficiaries and How Much Do They Cost? [pdf], Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College <http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/wp-2012-1-508.pdf> [accessed 18 January 2017].

Mills, G.B. and Monson, W. (2013) The Rising Use of Nonbank Credit among U.S. Households: 2009–2011 [pdf], Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, <www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412868-the-rising-use-of-nonbank-credit.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Murray, N., Holkar, M. and Mackenzie, P. (2016) In Control [pdf], London: Money and Mental Health Policy Institute <www.moneyandmentalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/In-Control.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Parrish, L. and Frank, J. (2011) ‘An analysis of bank overdraft fees: pricing, market structure and regulation’, Journal of Economic Issues 155(2): 353–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624450212>.

Pew Charitable Trusts (2016) Consumers Need Protection from Excessive Overdraft Costs: An evidence-based case for regulation to limit the number and amount of fees [pdf] <www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/12/consumers_need_protection_from_excessive_overdraft_costs.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Rhine, S. and Greene, W. (2012) ‘Factors that contribute to becoming unbanked’, The Journal of Consumer Affairs 47(1): 27–45 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-6606.2012.01244.X>.

Romich, J.L., Gordon, S. and Waithaka, E.N. (2009) A Tool for Getting by or Getting Ahead? Consumers’ Views on Prepaid Cards [pdf], Networks Financial Institute Working Paper 2009-WP-09, Indiana State University <www.indstate.edu/business/sites/business.indstate.edu/files/Docs/2009-WP-09_Romich_Waithaka_Gordon.pdf>.

Rosen, M.I. (2011) ‘The “check effect” reconsidered’, Addiction 106(6): 1071–7 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03409.x>.

Shefrin, H. and Thaler, R. (1992) ‘Mental accounting, saving, and self-control’, in G. Loewenstein and J. Elster (eds), Choice Over Time, pp. 287–330, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Stango, V. and Zinman, J. (2014) ‘Limited and varying consumer attention: evidence from shocks to the salience of bank overdraft fees’, Review of Financial Studies 27(4): 990–1030 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhu008>.

Swarbrick, M. (2006) ‘Asset-building, financial self-management service model: piecing together consumer financial independence’, Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 44: 22–6.

Sweet, E., Nandi, A., Adam, E.K. and McDade, T.W. (2013) ‘The high price of debt: household financial debt and its impact on mental and physical health’, Social Science and Medicine 91: 94–100 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.009>.

U.S. Department of the Treasury (2010) Executive Order No. 13530 [online] <www.treasury.gov/resource-center/financial-education/Pages/Advisory.aspx> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Zelizer, V.A. (2017) The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Allmark, P. and Machaczek, K. (2015) ‘Financial capability, health and disability’, BMC Public Health 15: 243 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1589-5>.

Campbell, D., Martínez-Jerez, F. and Tufano, P. (2012) ‘Bouncing out of the banking system: an empirical analysis of involuntary bank account closures’, Journal of Banking and Finance 36: 1224–35 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.11.014>.

Caskey, J. (2001) ‘Payday lending’, Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 12(2): 1–14.

Caskey, J. (2006) Can Personal Financial Management Education Promote Asset Accumulation by the Poor? Policy Brief #2006-PB-06, Terre Haute, IN: Networks Financial Institute.

Chakravorti, S. (2006) ‘Payment instrument choice: the case of prepaid cards’, Economic Perspectives, Second Quarter.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) (2013) CFPB Study of Overdraft Programs: A White Paper of Initial Data Findings [pdf] <http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201306_cfpb_whitepaper_overdraft-practices.pdf> [accessed 17 November 2017].

Conrad, K.J., Lutz, G., Matters, M.D., Donner, L., Clark, E. and Lynch, P. (2006) ‘Randomized trial of psychiatric care with representative payeeship for persons with serious mental illness’, PS 57(2): 197–204 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.197>.

Desmond, M. (2016) Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City, New York: Crown.

Drake, R.E., Bond, G.R., Goldman, H.H., Hogan, M.F. and Karakus, M. (2016) ‘Individual placement and support services boost employment for people with serious mental illnesses, but funding is lacking’, Health Affairs 35(6): 1098–105 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0001>.

Elbogen, E.B., Tiegreen, J., Vaughan, C. and Bradford, D.W. (2011) ‘Money management, mental health, and psychiatric disability: a recovery-oriented model for improving financial skills’, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 34(3): 223–31 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2975/34.3.2011.223.231>.

FDIC (2013) 2012 National FDIC Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households [pdf] <https://www.fdic.gov/householdsurvey/2013report.pdf> [accessed 17 October 2017].

Fernandes, D., Lynch, J.G. and Netemeyer, R.G. (2014) ‘Financial literacy, financial education and downstream financial behaviors’, Management Science 60(8): 1861–83 <https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1849>.

Golin, C.E., Oluwakemi, A., Dardick, A., Montgomery, B., Bishop, L., Parker, S. and Owens, L.E. (2017) ‘Poverty, personal experiences of violence, and mental health: understanding their complex intersections among low-income women’, in A. O’Leary and P.M. Frew (eds.), Poverty in the United States, Chapter 5, New York: Springer Science and Business Media <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43833-7_5>.

Goodman, N. and Morris, M. (2017) Banking Status and Financial Behaviors of Adults with Disabilities: Findings from the 2015 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households, Washington, DC: National Disability Institute.

Hansen, H., Bourgois, P. and Drucker, E. (2014) ‘Pathologizing poverty: new forms of diagnosis, disability, and structural stigma under welfare reform’, Social Science & Medicine 103: 76–83 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.033>.

Harper, A., Clayton, A., Bailey, M., Foss-Kelly, L., Sernyak, M.J. and Rowe, M. (2015) ‘Financial health and mental health among clients of a community mental health center: making the connections’, Psychiatric Services 66(12): 1271–6 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400438>.

Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., Coid, J., Fryers, T., Weich, S., Singleton, N. and Meltzer, H. (2008) ‘Debt, income and mental disorder in the general population’, Psychological Medicine 38: 1485–93 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707002516>.

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