Microfinance for the marginalized: the impact of the Rojiroti approach in India
The Rojiroti approach to microfinance involves creation of women’s self-help groups (SHGs), rotated loans from savings, and subsequent credit from CPSL, a Bihar-based NGO. Rojiroti serves customers who are significantly poorer and more marginalized than those typically served by microfinance (MF) in India. In the data analysed, more than 90 per cent of members are from scheduled caste and tribes (62 per cent) or other disadvantaged castes. This paper analyses the impact of Rojiroti MF using panel data on 740 new SHG members and 340 women in matched control sites at baseline and after 18 months. We consider changes in assets, children’s education, empowerment, and domestic violence among other indicators. These results show significant gains for Rojiroti borrowers relative to control sites for important, but not all, variables. Comparison with more long-standing SHGs (at least 36 months) helps to explain how the borrowing patterns of poor and marginalized SHG members evolves.Ahmed, F.E. (2003) Low-income Progressive Men: Microcredit, Gender Empowerment and the Redefinition of Manhood in Rural Bangladesh (doctoral dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management.
Armendáriz de Aghion, B. and Morduch, J. (2005) The Economics of Microfinance, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.001>.
ASER (2013) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf], New Delhi: ASER Centre <http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf> [accessed 14 July 2017].
Bajracharya, A. and Amin, S. (2013) ‘Microcredit and domestic violence in Bangladesh: an exploration of selection bias influences’, Demography 50(5): 1819–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0226-0>.
Banerjee, S.B. and Jackson, L. (2016) ‘Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh’, Human Relations 70(1): 63–91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865>.
Banerjee, A. Duflo, E. Glennerster, R. and Kinnan, C. (2015) ‘The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 22–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130533>.
Chin, Y.M. (2012) ‘Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction? Women’s working status and physical spousal violence in India’, Journal of Population Economics 25(1): 175–200 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-011-0382-8>.
Cull, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167>.
Duvendack, M., Palmer-Jones, R., Copestake, J.G., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. and Rao, N. (2011) What is the Evidence of the Impact of Microfinance on the Well-Being of Poor People, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Gordon, R. (2016) ‘Succeeded where others have failed? Has Rojiroti’s model of microfinance led to a reduction in domestic violence?’, Practical Action Publishing 27(3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2016.015>.
Harper, M. (2005) Self-Help Groups and Grameen Bank Groups: What Are the Differences? [pdf] <www.mssriram.in/sites/mssriram.in/files/beyondmc-chap7.pdf> [accessed 7 July 2017].
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R. and Riley, A.P. (1996) ‘Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh,’ World Development 24(4): 635–53 <https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A>.
Jairam, R. (2012) ‘Microfinance in danger zone’, Outlook India [online], 28 November 2012 <www.outlookindia.com/news/article/microfinance-in-danger-zone-jairam-ramesh/782055> [accessed 27 December 2017].
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using Panel Data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 263–86 <https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Ojha, S., Szatkowski, L., Sinha, R., Yaron, G., Allen, S., Choudhary, S. and Smyth, A. (2017) ‘Effects of the Rojiroti microfinance programme on nutrition in very poor children under five in India’, Archives of Disease in Childhood 102(A3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.5>.
Sa-Dahn (2016) The Bharat Microfinance Report 2016 [pdf], New Delhi, India <www.microfinancegateway.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/the_bharat_microfinance_report_2016-min.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2017].
Schuler, S.R. Hashemi, S. and Badal, S. (1998) ‘Men’s violence against women in rural Bangladesh: undermined or exacerbated by microfinance programmes?’ Development in Practice 8(2): 148–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529853774>.
Tankha, A. (2002) Self-help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of Promotion, Sustainability and Impact [pdf], New Delhi: Sa-Dahn <www.sa-dhan.net/Adls/Microfinance/PerspectiveMicrofinance/Self-helpGroupsasFinancial.pdf> [accessed 11 July 2017].
van Rooyen, C., Stewart, R. and de Wet, T. (2012) ‘The impact of microfinance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the evidence’, World Development 40(11): 2249–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.012>.
Villa, J.M. (2012) Simplifying the Estimation of Difference in Differences Treatment Effects with Stata [pdf], MPRA Paper 43943, Manchester, UK: Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester <https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43943/1/simplifying_the_estimation_of_difference_in_differences_treatment_effects_with_stata.pdf> [accessed 14 December 2017].
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62(C): 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
WHO (2009) Violence Prevention: The Evidence, Changing Cultural and Social Norms that Support Violence [pdf], Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf> [accessed 7 December 2017].
Yaron, G. (2014) Monitoring Visit Report for DFID GPAF Grant INN-008 to RojirotiUK, Harpenden, UK: RojirotiUK.
Ahmed, F.E. (2003) Low-income Progressive Men: Microcredit, Gender Empowerment and the Redefinition of Manhood in Rural Bangladesh (doctoral dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management.
Armendáriz de Aghion, B. and Morduch, J. (2005) The Economics of Microfinance, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.001>.
ASER (2013) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf], New Delhi: ASER Centre <http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf> [accessed 14 July 2017].
Bajracharya, A. and Amin, S. (2013) ‘Microcredit and domestic violence in Bangladesh: an exploration of selection bias influences’, Demography 50(5): 1819–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0226-0>.
Banerjee, S.B. and Jackson, L. (2016) ‘Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh’, Human Relations 70(1): 63–91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865>.
Banerjee, A. Duflo, E. Glennerster, R. and Kinnan, C. (2015) ‘The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 22–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130533>.
Chin, Y.M. (2012) ‘Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction? Women’s working status and physical spousal violence in India’, Journal of Population Economics 25(1): 175–200 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-011-0382-8>.
Cull, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167>.
Duvendack, M., Palmer-Jones, R., Copestake, J.G., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. and Rao, N. (2011) What is the Evidence of the Impact of Microfinance on the Well-Being of Poor People, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Gordon, R. (2016) ‘Succeeded where others have failed? Has Rojiroti’s model of microfinance led to a reduction in domestic violence?’, Practical Action Publishing 27(3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2016.015>.
Harper, M. (2005) Self-Help Groups and Grameen Bank Groups: What Are the Differences? [pdf] <www.mssriram.in/sites/mssriram.in/files/beyondmc-chap7.pdf> [accessed 7 July 2017].
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R. and Riley, A.P. (1996) ‘Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh,’ World Development 24(4): 635–53 <https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A>.
Jairam, R. (2012) ‘Microfinance in danger zone’, Outlook India [online], 28 November 2012 <www.outlookindia.com/news/article/microfinance-in-danger-zone-jairam-ramesh/782055> [accessed 27 December 2017].
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using Panel Data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 263–86 <https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Ojha, S., Szatkowski, L., Sinha, R., Yaron, G., Allen, S., Choudhary, S. and Smyth, A. (2017) ‘Effects of the Rojiroti microfinance programme on nutrition in very poor children under five in India’, Archives of Disease in Childhood 102(A3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.5>.
Sa-Dahn (2016) The Bharat Microfinance Report 2016 [pdf], New Delhi, India <www.microfinancegateway.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/the_bharat_microfinance_report_2016-min.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2017].
Schuler, S.R. Hashemi, S. and Badal, S. (1998) ‘Men’s violence against women in rural Bangladesh: undermined or exacerbated by microfinance programmes?’ Development in Practice 8(2): 148–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529853774>.
Tankha, A. (2002) Self-help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of Promotion, Sustainability and Impact [pdf], New Delhi: Sa-Dahn <www.sa-dhan.net/Adls/Microfinance/PerspectiveMicrofinance/Self-helpGroupsasFinancial.pdf> [accessed 11 July 2017].
van Rooyen, C., Stewart, R. and de Wet, T. (2012) ‘The impact of microfinance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the evidence’, World Development 40(11): 2249–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.012>.
Villa, J.M. (2012) Simplifying the Estimation of Difference in Differences Treatment Effects with Stata [pdf], MPRA Paper 43943, Manchester, UK: Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester <https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43943/1/simplifying_the_estimation_of_difference_in_differences_treatment_effects_with_stata.pdf> [accessed 14 December 2017].
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62(C): 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
WHO (2009) Violence Prevention: The Evidence, Changing Cultural and Social Norms that Support Violence [pdf], Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf> [accessed 7 December 2017].
Yaron, G. (2014) Monitoring Visit Report for DFID GPAF Grant INN-008 to RojirotiUK, Harpenden, UK: RojirotiUK.
Ahmed, F.E. (2003) Low-income Progressive Men: Microcredit, Gender Empowerment and the Redefinition of Manhood in Rural Bangladesh (doctoral dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management.
Armendáriz de Aghion, B. and Morduch, J. (2005) The Economics of Microfinance, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.001>.
ASER (2013) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf], New Delhi: ASER Centre <http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf> [accessed 14 July 2017].
Bajracharya, A. and Amin, S. (2013) ‘Microcredit and domestic violence in Bangladesh: an exploration of selection bias influences’, Demography 50(5): 1819–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0226-0>.
Banerjee, S.B. and Jackson, L. (2016) ‘Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh’, Human Relations 70(1): 63–91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865>.
Banerjee, A. Duflo, E. Glennerster, R. and Kinnan, C. (2015) ‘The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 22–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130533>.
Chin, Y.M. (2012) ‘Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction? Women’s working status and physical spousal violence in India’, Journal of Population Economics 25(1): 175–200 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-011-0382-8>.
Cull, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167>.
Duvendack, M., Palmer-Jones, R., Copestake, J.G., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. and Rao, N. (2011) What is the Evidence of the Impact of Microfinance on the Well-Being of Poor People, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Gordon, R. (2016) ‘Succeeded where others have failed? Has Rojiroti’s model of microfinance led to a reduction in domestic violence?’, Practical Action Publishing 27(3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2016.015>.
Harper, M. (2005) Self-Help Groups and Grameen Bank Groups: What Are the Differences? [pdf] <www.mssriram.in/sites/mssriram.in/files/beyondmc-chap7.pdf> [accessed 7 July 2017].
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R. and Riley, A.P. (1996) ‘Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh,’ World Development 24(4): 635–53 <https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A>.
Jairam, R. (2012) ‘Microfinance in danger zone’, Outlook India [online], 28 November 2012 <www.outlookindia.com/news/article/microfinance-in-danger-zone-jairam-ramesh/782055> [accessed 27 December 2017].
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using Panel Data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 263–86 <https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Ojha, S., Szatkowski, L., Sinha, R., Yaron, G., Allen, S., Choudhary, S. and Smyth, A. (2017) ‘Effects of the Rojiroti microfinance programme on nutrition in very poor children under five in India’, Archives of Disease in Childhood 102(A3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.5>.
Sa-Dahn (2016) The Bharat Microfinance Report 2016 [pdf], New Delhi, India <www.microfinancegateway.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/the_bharat_microfinance_report_2016-min.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2017].
Schuler, S.R. Hashemi, S. and Badal, S. (1998) ‘Men’s violence against women in rural Bangladesh: undermined or exacerbated by microfinance programmes?’ Development in Practice 8(2): 148–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529853774>.
Tankha, A. (2002) Self-help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of Promotion, Sustainability and Impact [pdf], New Delhi: Sa-Dahn <www.sa-dhan.net/Adls/Microfinance/PerspectiveMicrofinance/Self-helpGroupsasFinancial.pdf> [accessed 11 July 2017].
van Rooyen, C., Stewart, R. and de Wet, T. (2012) ‘The impact of microfinance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the evidence’, World Development 40(11): 2249–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.012>.
Villa, J.M. (2012) Simplifying the Estimation of Difference in Differences Treatment Effects with Stata [pdf], MPRA Paper 43943, Manchester, UK: Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester <https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43943/1/simplifying_the_estimation_of_difference_in_differences_treatment_effects_with_stata.pdf> [accessed 14 December 2017].
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62(C): 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
WHO (2009) Violence Prevention: The Evidence, Changing Cultural and Social Norms that Support Violence [pdf], Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf> [accessed 7 December 2017].
Yaron, G. (2014) Monitoring Visit Report for DFID GPAF Grant INN-008 to RojirotiUK, Harpenden, UK: RojirotiUK.
Ahmed, F.E. (2003) Low-income Progressive Men: Microcredit, Gender Empowerment and the Redefinition of Manhood in Rural Bangladesh (doctoral dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management.
Armendáriz de Aghion, B. and Morduch, J. (2005) The Economics of Microfinance, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.001>.
ASER (2013) Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2013 [pdf], New Delhi: ASER Centre <http://img.asercentre.org/docs/Publications/ASER%20Reports/ASER_2013/ASER2013_report%20sections/aser2013fullreportenglish.pdf> [accessed 14 July 2017].
Bajracharya, A. and Amin, S. (2013) ‘Microcredit and domestic violence in Bangladesh: an exploration of selection bias influences’, Demography 50(5): 1819–43 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0226-0>.
Banerjee, S.B. and Jackson, L. (2016) ‘Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh’, Human Relations 70(1): 63–91 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865>.
Banerjee, A. Duflo, E. Glennerster, R. and Kinnan, C. (2015) ‘The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation’, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1): 22–53 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130533>.
Chin, Y.M. (2012) ‘Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction? Women’s working status and physical spousal violence in India’, Journal of Population Economics 25(1): 175–200 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-011-0382-8>.
Cull, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and Morduch, J. (2009) ‘Microfinance meets the market’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 167–92 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.1.167>.
Duvendack, M., Palmer-Jones, R., Copestake, J.G., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. and Rao, N. (2011) What is the Evidence of the Impact of Microfinance on the Well-Being of Poor People, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
Gordon, R. (2016) ‘Succeeded where others have failed? Has Rojiroti’s model of microfinance led to a reduction in domestic violence?’, Practical Action Publishing 27(3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2016.015>.
Harper, M. (2005) Self-Help Groups and Grameen Bank Groups: What Are the Differences? [pdf] <www.mssriram.in/sites/mssriram.in/files/beyondmc-chap7.pdf> [accessed 7 July 2017].
Hashemi, S.M., Schuler, S.R. and Riley, A.P. (1996) ‘Rural credit programs and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh,’ World Development 24(4): 635–53 <https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A>.
Jairam, R. (2012) ‘Microfinance in danger zone’, Outlook India [online], 28 November 2012 <www.outlookindia.com/news/article/microfinance-in-danger-zone-jairam-ramesh/782055> [accessed 27 December 2017].
Khandker, S. (2005) ‘Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using Panel Data from Bangladesh’, The World Bank Economic Review 19(2): 263–86 <https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi008>.
Ojha, S., Szatkowski, L., Sinha, R., Yaron, G., Allen, S., Choudhary, S. and Smyth, A. (2017) ‘Effects of the Rojiroti microfinance programme on nutrition in very poor children under five in India’, Archives of Disease in Childhood 102(A3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.5>.
Sa-Dahn (2016) The Bharat Microfinance Report 2016 [pdf], New Delhi, India <www.microfinancegateway.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/the_bharat_microfinance_report_2016-min.pdf> [accessed 9 July 2017].
Schuler, S.R. Hashemi, S. and Badal, S. (1998) ‘Men’s violence against women in rural Bangladesh: undermined or exacerbated by microfinance programmes?’ Development in Practice 8(2): 148–56 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529853774>.
Tankha, A. (2002) Self-help Groups as Financial Intermediaries in India: Cost of Promotion, Sustainability and Impact [pdf], New Delhi: Sa-Dahn <www.sa-dhan.net/Adls/Microfinance/PerspectiveMicrofinance/Self-helpGroupsasFinancial.pdf> [accessed 11 July 2017].
van Rooyen, C., Stewart, R. and de Wet, T. (2012) ‘The impact of microfinance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the evidence’, World Development 40(11): 2249–62 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.012>.
Villa, J.M. (2012) Simplifying the Estimation of Difference in Differences Treatment Effects with Stata [pdf], MPRA Paper 43943, Manchester, UK: Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester <https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43943/1/simplifying_the_estimation_of_difference_in_differences_treatment_effects_with_stata.pdf> [accessed 14 December 2017].
Weber, O. and Ahmad, A. (2014) ‘Empowerment through microfinance: the relation between loan cycle and level of empowerment’, World Development 62(C): 75–87 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.012>.
WHO (2009) Violence Prevention: The Evidence, Changing Cultural and Social Norms that Support Violence [pdf], Geneva: World Health Organization <www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf> [accessed 7 December 2017].
Yaron, G. (2014) Monitoring Visit Report for DFID GPAF Grant INN-008 to RojirotiUK, Harpenden, UK: RojirotiUK.
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